Learning

Question 1

A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

In organisms decreasing response to the stimulus with repeated exposure to it

Answer 2

Habituation

Question 3

Learning that certain events occur together. The events maybe two stimuli or a response and its consequences

Answer 3

Associative learning

Question 4

In classical conditioning the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

Answer 4

Acquisition

Question 5

A procedure in which the condition stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

Higher-order conditioning

Question 6

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus(CS)

Answer 6

Extinction

Question 7

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Answer 7

Spontaneous recovery

Question 8

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Answer 8

Respondent behavior

Question 9

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Answer 9

Operant conditioning

Question 10

Behavior that operates in the environment, producing consequences

Answer 10

Operant behavior

Question 11

In operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or a key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or keep pecking

Answer 11

Operant chamber

Question 12

In operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Answer 12

Shaping

Question 13

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

Answer 13

Discriminative stimulus

Question 14

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Answer 14

Reinforcer

Question 15

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

Answer 15

Positive reinforcement

Question 16

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

Answer 16

Negative reinforcement

Question 17

And innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

Answer 17

Primary reinforcer

Question 18

A stimulus that games it’s reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

Answer 18

Conditioned reinforcer

Question 19

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Answer 19

Continuous reinforcement

Question 20

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results and slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction

Answer 20

Partial reinforcement

Question 21

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Answer 21

Fixed-ratio schedule

Question 22

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Answer 22

Variable-ratio schedule

Question 23

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Answer 23

Fixed-interval schedule

Question 24

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Answer 24

Variable-interval schedule

Question 25

And event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Answer 25

Punishment

Question 26

Learning by observing others. Also called social learning

Answer 26

Observational learning

Question 27

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Answer 27

Modeling

Question 28

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brains mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy

Answer 28

Mirror neurons

Question 29

A type of learning in which one learns to link to where more stimuli and anticipate events

Answer 29

Classical conditioning

Question 30

The view that psychology 1)should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologist today agree with 1 but not 2

Answer 30

Behaviorism

Question 31

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US)such as salivation when food is in the mouth

Answer 31

Unconditioned response ( UR )

Question 32

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally–naturally and automatically–triggers a response

Answer 32

Unconditioned stimulus(US)

Question 33

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (CS)

Answer 33

Conditioned response (CR)

Question 34

In classical conditioning, and originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus(US) , comes to trigger a conditioned response

Answer 34

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 35

The tenancy, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Answer 35

Generalization

Question 36

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that are not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 36

Discrimination

Question 37

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Answer 37

Learned helplessness

Question 38

A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned it cognitive map of it

Answer 38

Cognitive map

Question 39

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Answer 39

Latent learning

Question 40

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

Answer 40

Insight

Question 41

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Answer 41

Intrinsic motivation

Question 42

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Answer 42

Extrinsic motivation

Question 43

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

Answer 43

Prosocial behavior

Question 44

A system of recording, amplifying, and feeding back information about subtotal physiological responses

Answer 44

Biofeedback

Question 45

Rewarded behavior is likely to recur

Answer 45

Law of effect