9.12 Neoplasia 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) tell you?

A

elevated in a variety of cancers

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2
Q

what does ionizing radiation do to DNA?

A

chromosomal breakage (deletions), point mutations, translocations

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3
Q

a lung carcinoma produces parathyroid hormone. what is this an example of?

A

paraneoplastic syndrome

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4
Q

the process of going from a normal cell to a cancer cell

A

carcinogenesis

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5
Q

what can molecular studies tell you about cancer cells? what types are there?

A

are there translocations or other genetic changes associated with malignancy?
karyotypic analysis, PCR, FISH

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6
Q

what histologic features are used in grading?

A

degree of differentiation
pleomorphism
number of mitotic figures
necrosis?

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7
Q

RB and p53 are examples of

A

tumor repressor genes

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8
Q

how does human papillomavirus work?

A

viral proteins E6/E7 inhibit Rb and p53

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9
Q

histology is used for tumor _______

A

grading

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10
Q

Aflatoxin B1 is an ________ _______, which _______ itself in DNA. In which gene?

A

intercalating agent
inserts
p53

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11
Q

what are 3 examples of tumor markers?

A

prostate specific antigen
alpha-fetoprotein
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

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12
Q

___________ ___ is a type of chemical carcinogen that is found naturally in a fungus (mold).

A

Aflatoxin B1

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13
Q

________ ________ chemical carcinogens do not need metabolic activation

A

direct

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14
Q

grade 2 means:

A

moderately differentiated

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15
Q

what could cachexia be due to?

A

tumor products, cytokines from inflammatory cells

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16
Q

UVB light is ______ energy and causes DNA damage by forming _______ ________

A
radiant
pyrimidine dimers (tyrosine)
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17
Q

grade 3 means:

A

poorly differentiated - disorganized, high N:C ratio, many mitoses, often necrotic

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18
Q

staging of a tumor is based on what system?

A

TNM system
extent of tumor (size)
extent of spread to regional lymph nodes (node involvement)
metastases (presence of metastases)

19
Q

what does TNM stand for? what is it used for?

A

used for tumor staging
T - tumor (size, depth)
N - nodes?
M - metastases?

20
Q

what are the steps in chemical carcinogenesis?

A
  1. tumor initiation (chemical –> mutation)
  2. tumor promotion (cell proliferation from promoter)
  3. tumor progression (becomes autonomous due to sufficient mutations)
  4. malignancy (cancer - can invade and metastasize)
21
Q

Aflatoxin B1 is a chemical carcinogen that causes what type of cancer?

A

liver

22
Q

how does Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) increase risk for cancer?

A

cause of chronic infection (gastritis and ulcers) and can increase risk of gastric carcinoma and pancreatic cancer

23
Q

what does the presence of alpha-fetoprotein tell you?

A

most likely cancer of liver/gonads

could also be elevated in pregnancy

24
Q

what are two hormonal effects a tumor can have?

A
  1. endocrine gland neoplasms secrete hormone normally produced by that organ
  2. tumors from non-endocrine tissues may elaborate hormones (paraneoplastic syndromes)
25
Q

mutated porto-oncogenes =

A

oncogenes

26
Q

alkylating agents are a type of ______ carcinogen. What do they do, why are they bad?

A

chemical

they alkylate DNA, altering base pairing

27
Q

oncoproteins are ________ ________ (NOT dependent on growth signals or responsive to inhibitory signals)

A

constitutively active

28
Q

an example of indirect acting chemical carcinogen

A

tobacco (needs combustion)

29
Q

grade 1 means:

A

well-differentiated, resembles normal tissue

30
Q

_____ ______ virus is associated with types of B-cell lymphoma (Burkitt lymphoma). Viral proteins promote B-cell survival and proliferation.

A

Epstein Barr virus (EBV)

31
Q

what does the presence of prostate specific antigen tell you?

A

most likely prostate carcinoma

32
Q

human papillomavirus (HPV) is THE major cause of what?

A

cervical cancer (SCC)

33
Q

this effect of tumor on host is a wasting syndrome, it causes loss of body fat and muscle mass. There is profound weakness, anemia, and anorexia.

A

cachexia

34
Q

the 4 regulatory genes that could be targets of mutations related to cancer:

A
  1. proto-oncogenes
  2. tumor-supressor genes
  3. regulators of apoptosis
  4. DNA repair genes
35
Q

____________ _______ is a bacteria that is a cause of chronic infection (gastritis and ulcers) and can increase risk of gastric carcinoma and pancreatic cancer

A

Helicobacter pylori (H pylori)

36
Q

hormone production by a neoplasm derived from cells that do not normally produce this hormone (not of endocrine origin - ectopic hormone production)

A

paraneoplastic syndrome

37
Q

growth factors, ras, myc, cyclins and CDKs are all examples of:

A

protooncogenes

38
Q

mutations in what genes allow for accumulation of mutations in photo-oncogenes, tumor repressor genes, and apoptotic regulatory genes?

A

DNA repair genes

39
Q

what is the most common example of paraneoplastic syndrome? what is it due to?

A

Cushing syndrome

small cell carcinoma of lung that produces corticotropin

40
Q

in diagnosis is cancer, if histologic methods are not clear, we may need:

A

immunohistochemistry
flow cytometry
molecular studies

41
Q

indirect acting chemical carcinogens need _________ to become active

A

metabolism

42
Q

malignancy is seen after an ________ of mutations

A

accumulation

43
Q

hepatitis viruses (B and C) are commonly implicated in what type of cancer?

A

hepatocellular carcinoma