9.7 Gene Regulation 1

Question 1

the type of DNA binding domain that consists of protein structure surrounding a zinc is called a ________. Some residues form an _______ structure, which contacts the _____ groove of DNA. This is sequence ______ (specific, non specific?)

Answer 1

zinc finger
alpha-helix
major
specific

Question 2

acetylation of histones ________ transcription while methylation of histones ________ transcription

Answer 2

increases, decreases

Question 3

_______________________ stabilize the interaction between RNA polymerase II and the transcription initiation complex

Answer 3

enhancer binding proteins (positive regulatory proteins)

Question 4

One of the alpha helices in the helix-turn-helix binding domain fits in the _____ groove of DNA. the binding is _____ (specific or non specific?)

Answer 4

major

specific

Question 5

any protein domain that can act to _________ the preinitatnion complex can function as a repressor.

Answer 5

destabilize

Question 6

the presence of ________ decreases the level of transcription from an adjacent promoter

Answer 6

repressors

Question 7

is a promoter gene specific or gene general?

Answer 7

gene general. it binds general transcription factors

Question 8

enhancer binding proteins loop and can interact with the _____________________ (proteins around promoter region)

Answer 8

transcription initiation complex

Question 9

positive regulatory proteins bind _________

Answer 9

enhancers

Question 10

in ________ syndrome, there are defects in neural crest cells and inner ear development, intestinal defects, deadness, and abnormal pigmentation. It is caused by defects in what transcription factor?

Answer 10

Waardenburg syndrome

SOX10 transcription factor.

Question 11

transcription regulatory proteins have two domains:

Answer 11

DNA binding domain

transcription activating/repressing domain

Question 12

most genes have ______ regulatory elements (enhancer regions) - amount

Answer 12

many

Question 13

transcription can begin ONLY when the binding between _______ and __________ is complete and stable.

Answer 13

RNA polymerase and the transcription initiation complex (usually this is unstable)

Question 14

helix-turn-helix binding domains usually form ______. If these are identical, the binding sites are _______.

Answer 14

dimers

symmetrical

Question 15

in the protein alpha helix binding domain, the binding is ______ (specific, non-specific)? Why?

Answer 15

specific

specific amino acids in side chains of the alpha helix can contact specific base pairs in DNA.

Question 16

what homeodomain TF can cause congenital heart defects (mainly underdeveloped L ventricle) if function of one copy of the gene is lost?

Answer 16

NKX2-5

Question 17

the presence of an ________ increases the level of transcription from an adjacent promoter

Answer 17

enhancer

Question 18

the binding domain characterized by a short region of two alpha-helices separated by a short loop region

Answer 18

helix-turn-helix

Question 19

enhancer binding proteins stabilize RNA polymerase binding at the ________ (region)

Answer 19

promoter

Question 20

unlike DNA binding domains, transcription activating domains are completely _________.

Answer 20

interchangeable

Question 21

Defects in the SOX10 transcription factor is a major cause of _______________

Answer 21

Waardenburg syndrome

Question 22

TATA box, CCAT box, and GC box are all examples of

Answer 22

general promoter sequences

Question 23

diseases in transcription factors: the homeodomain transcription factor _______ is essential for embryonic heart development. loss of function of one copy of gene leads to congenital heart defects.

Answer 23

NKX2-5

Question 24

homeodomain proteins have the _________ DNA binding domain.

Answer 24

helix-turn-helix

Question 25

the general transcription factors in addition to the RNA polymerase 2 on the promoter region is called:

Answer 25

transcription initiation complex

Question 26

a region of DNA close to the site of transcription that helps build the transcription initiation complex of proteins is called the:

Answer 26

promoter

Question 27

the TATA box is the recognition sequence for a protein called _____, which bends the DNA to allow for transcription

Answer 27

TF2D

Question 28

the protein alpha helix structure is a DNA _____ domain. It fits in the ______ groove of the DNA double helix. The binding is ______ (specific, non-specific)? Why?

Answer 28

binding

major

Question 29

transcription of different genes in different types of cells is called: _____ ______

Answer 29

gene regulation

Question 30

Any protein domain that can positively interact with the RNA polymerase complex will ___________ the preinitiation complex and ultimately ______ the levels of transcription.

Answer 30

stabilize

increase

Question 31

zinc fingers can line up, with their ____ chains binding DNA. This increases __________

Answer 31

alpha

specificity