VOC 9

Question 1

proprietary (adj) (before noun) /prəˈpraɪə.tər.i/

Answer 1

proprietary goods are made and sent out by a a particular company whose name is on the product:

proprietary medicines

Question 2

determinant (CN) /dɪˈtɜː.mɪ.nənt/

Answer 2

something that controls or affects what happens in a particular situation:

Soil and climate are the main determinants of how land is used

Question 3

rivalry (N) /ˈraɪ.vəl.ri/

Answer 3

a situation in which people, businesses, etc. compete with each other for the same thing:

There’s such rivalry among/between my three sons.

Question 4

differentiation (n) /ˌdɪf.ər.en.ʃiˈeɪ.ʃən/

Answer 4

• the act of differentiating:

a differentiation between metal illness and mental disability

• The process of becoming or making something different:

Product differentiation is essential to the future of the company.

Question 5

to invade /ɪnˈveɪd/

Answer 5

to enter an area of activity in a forceful and noticeable way

Question 6

mineral (n) /ˈmɪn.ər.əl/

Answer 6

a valuable or useful chemical substance that is formed naturally in the ground

Question 7

extraction (n) /ɪkˈstræk.ʃən/

Answer 7

the process of removing something, especially by force:

The extraction of minerals has damaged the countryside

Question 8

to entrench /ɪnˈtrentʃ/

Answer 8

to firmly establish something, especially an idea or a problem, so that it cannot be changed:

The government’s main task was to prevent inflation from entrenching itself

Question 9

dogmatic (adj) /dɒɡˈmæt.ɪk/

dogmatically (adv)

Answer 9

If you are dogmatic, you are certain that you are right and that everyone else is wrong.

Question 10

adherent (CN) /ədˈhɪə.rənt/

Answer 10

a person who strongly supports a particualar person, principle, or set of ideas:

She has long been an adherent of the Communist Party

Question 11

adherent (adj) /ədˈhɪə.rənt/

Answer 11

sticky:

an adherent surface

Question 12

to leapfrog /ˈliːp.frɒɡ/

Answer 12

to improve your position by going past other people quickly or by missing out some stages:

They’ve leapfrogged from third to first place

Question 13

to evaporate /ɪˈvæp.ər.eɪt/

evaporation (n) /ɪˌvæp.əˈreɪ.ʃən/

Answer 13

to disappear:

Halfway through the movie reality evaporates and we enter a world of pure fantasy

Question 14

powder (n) /ˈpaʊ.dər/

Answer 14

a loose, dry substance that consists of extremely small pieces, usually made by breaking something up and crusing it:

chilli powder

Question 15

cumulative (adj) /ˈkjuː.mjə.lə.tɪv/

Answer 15

increasing by one addition after another:

The cumulative effect of using so many chemicals on the land could be disastrous.

Question 16

to pose /pəʊz/

Answer 16

to cause something, especially a problem or difficulty:

Nuclear weapons pose a threat to everyone.

Question 17

capricious (adj) /kəˈprɪʃ.əs/

capriciousness (UN) /kəˈprɪʃ.əs.nəs/

Answer 17

changing mood or behaviour suddenly and unexpectedly:

a capricious child

He was a cruel and capricious tyrant.

Question 18

stalemate (n) /ˈsteɪl.meɪt/

Answer 18

a situation in which neither group involved in an argument can win or get an advantage and no action can be taken:

Tomorrow’s meeting between the two leaders is expected to break a diplomatic stalemate that has lasted for ten years.

Question 19

to plunge /plʌndʒ/

Answer 19

to (cause someone or sth to) move or fall suddenly and often a long way forward, down, or into sth:

We ran down to the beach and plunged into the sea.

Question 20

sprint (n) /sprɪnt/

Answer 20

a very fast run that someone makes when they are in a great hurry to get somewhere:

He suddenly broke inot (=started) a sprint