Chapter 6

Question 1

Three forms of social control

Answer 1

Self-control, informal controls (friends and family), and formal control (authorities)

Question 2

Informal social control

Answer 2

Ways friends, coworkers, and others keep us from behaving improperly

Question 3

Formal social control

Answer 3

Administrative sanctions such as fines, expulsion, or imprisonment

Question 4

False enforcement

Answer 4

Circumstances in which individuals enforce norms that they themselves reject

Question 5

Deviance

Answer 5

Norm violations that typically result in disapproval

Question 6

Is any action inherently deviant?

Answer 6

No, it is relative

Question 7

Two types of deviance

Answer 7

Criminal and noncriminal

Question 8

Crime

Answer 8

Deviance subject to legal penalties

Question 9

S-F theory and deviance

Answer 9

Deviance can be useful for society up to a point and help it grow, but when it comes extreme is is dysfunctional; Deviance is a social problem, not a personal trouble

Question 10

Anomie

Answer 10

Situation in which the norms of society are unclear or no longer applicable to current conditions

Question 11

Strain theory

Answer 11

Most of us are conformists, we accept our culture’s approved goals and means of achieving them, so when these goals cannot be met through approved means, deviance occurs

Question 12

Innovation

Answer 12

People accept societies goals but reject their means

Question 13

Three ways people adapt to anomies

Answer 13

Ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion

Question 14

Ritualism

Answer 14

People continue to use the means for goals but have rejected or given up on the goals themselves

Question 15

Retreatism

Answer 15

Having given up on society’s goals and the means

Question 16

Rebellion

Answer 16

Abandon goals and means, but replace them

Question 17

Collective efficacy

Answer 17

S-F theory, the extent to which individuals in a neighborhood share the expectations that neighbors will intervene and work together to maintain social order

Question 18

Conflict theory and deviance

Answer 18

Deviance is a natural and inevitable part of competition; competition and conflict affect what gets defined as deviant and who engages in deviance

Question 19

What do S-Fs assume about crime?

Answer 19

Poor and nonwhite people are the most likely to commit crime

Question 20

Conflict theorists assume about crime?

Answer 20

Only appears that rich and white people commit fewer crimes

Question 21

S-I theory and deviance

Answer 21

Deviance is learned through interactions with others, leading to the development of a deviant self-concept

Question 22

3 forms of S-I theory on deviance

Answer 22

Differential association theory, deterrence theory, and labeling theory

Question 23

Differential association theory

Answer 23

People learn to be decent through their associations with others

Question 24

Deterrence theory

Answer 24

Primary blame for deviance is an inadequate system of reward and punishment; individuals actively make a cost/benefit decision about whether to engage in deviance

Question 25

Labeling theory

Answer 25

How and why deviant becomes attached to specific people and behaviors; Deviance is relative

Question 26

Primary deviance

Answer 26

First time someone acts up

Question 27

Secondary deviance

Answer 27

Continued rule violation; they take role of troublemaker after being labeled as such

Question 28

Labeling theory does not explain…

Answer 28

Why primary deviance occurs and cannot explain repeated deviance by those who have not been caught

Question 29

Moral entrepreneurs

Answer 29

Those who attempt to create new definitions of deviance

Question 30

Medicalization

Answer 30

Redefining badness, oddness, or variation into illness

Question 31

Victimless crimes

Answer 31

Voluntary exchanges between people who desire illegal goods/services from each other

Question 32

White-collar crimes

Answer 32

Crimes committed by people of high social status in the course of their work

Question 33

Corporate crimes

Answer 33

White collar crimes committed by companies

Question 34

Deterrence theory

Answer 34

Younger people have less to lose, delinquency is basically a leisure-time activity

Question 35

Why do males commit more crimes?

Answer 35

Girls are supervised and subject to more social control; Or men have been socialized to believe challenging authority and acting aggressively are part of being a man

Question 36

Why do lower class people commit more crime?

Answer 36

Blocked avenues of achievement; revive fewer rewards; biases in laws and law enforcement

Question 37

Why are minorities more likely to commit crimes?

Answer 37

Poverty, segregation, lack of opportunities; more likely to be cited, arrested, and convicted for same behavior as whites

Question 38

Culture of fear

Answer 38

People believe crime rates are rising; they are actually dropping

Question 39

Reasons for punishing criminals

Answer 39

Retribution, prevention, deterrence, and reform

Question 40

Why is the plea bargain system bad?

Answer 40

Gives prosecutors almost total power over individual’s fate

Question 41

Alternatives to prisons

Answer 41

Diversion programs, community service, substance abuse treatment, supervision probation