Anderson Endo

Question 1

What is the origin of the posterior vs. anterior pituitary?

Answer 1

Anterior: glandular tissue: adeno hypothesis
Pituitary: neurologic tissue: neuro hpothesis

Question 2

What are the two hormone mechanisms that are used by the endocrine system to affect cells?

Answer 2

Direct hormone activation - to nucleus

Secondary messenger system - through cytosol

Question 3

What condition occurs when the posterior pituitary does not proliferate ADH?

Answer 3

Diabetes Insipidus

Question 4

What condition can occur postpartum when there is an ischemic change in the pituitary with the loss of blood supply?

Answer 4

Sheehan’s syndrome

Question 5

What is the most hormone-secreting adenoma of the pituitary?

Answer 5

Prolactinoma

Question 6

What are the layers of the adrenal cortex and what do they produce?

Answer 6

Zona glomerulosa - aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)
Zona fasciculata - cortisol (glucocorticoids)
Zona reticularis - sex hormones (glucocorticoids)

Question 7

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

Answer 7

Epi, NE

Question 8

What enzyme converts T3 to T4?

Answer 8

5-Deiodinase

Question 9

What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary? posterior pituitary?

Answer 9

Anterior: ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, Growth Hormone, Prolactin
Posterior: Oxytocin, ADH

Question 10

Name the thyroid pathology:
Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin, tachy, lid retraction/lag
Fatigue, cold intolerance, dry skin, constipation
Autoimmune hypothyroid
Self-limiting, painful inflammation of thyroid, goes hyper-hypo-eu thyroid

Answer 10

Hyperthyroid - Grave’s Dz
Hypothyroid - Hashimoto’s or Iodine Def
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Dequervain’s Subacute Granulmatous Thyroiditis

Question 11

Rock hard, woody thyroid, mimics carcinoma

Answer 11

Reidel’s Thyroiditis

Question 12

MC carcinoma of the thyroid. What body is found histologically?

Answer 12

Papillary Carcinoma

Psammoma bodies

Question 13

Calcitonin or Parathyroid hormone:
Come from the parafollicular cells
Increases Ca, Na, K excretion in kidney, dec excretion Mg
Increases Ca absorption in gut via Vit D
Inhibits bone resorption/osteoclasts
Decreases Ca excretion
Comes from the parathyroid

Answer 13

Calcitonin
Calcitonin
Parathyroid 
Calcitonin
Parathyroid 
Parathyroid

Question 14

T/F: Calcitonin increases blood Ca and PTH decreases blood Ca.

Answer 14

F.
Calcitonin - decreases blood Ca, increases bone Ca
PTH - increases blood Ca, decreases bone Ca

Question 15

Tumor of adrenal medulla, secretes catecholamines. High VMA in serum.

Answer 15

Pheochromocytoma

Question 16

Childhood tumor of adrenal medulla,

Answer 16

Neuroblastoma

Question 17

Name the adrenal pathology:
autoimmune, weakness, fatigue, hyperpigmentation
truncal obesity, mood faces, buffalo hump
Low plasma renin and K, and high Na and aldosterone

Answer 17

Addison’s dz
Cushings’s dz
Conn’s syndrome - aldosterone secreting tumor

Question 18

T/F: The adrenal medulla produces mostly Epi and a little NE.

Answer 18

T

Question 19

What is the mother of all steroids?

Answer 19

Cholesterol - Pregnenolone

Question 20

T/F: Estrogen and testosterone are competitive inhibitors of one another because their structures are so similar.

Answer 20

T

Question 21

Name the hormone:
Synthesized in the zona glomerulosa, acts in distal tubule for resorption of Na+, pumps K+ and H+ out, stimulated by ACTH, hyperkalemia, angiotensin 2

Answer 21

Aldosterone

Question 22

Name the pancreatic cell: 
Secretes glucagon
Secretes insulin
Secretes somatostatin
Secretes pancreatic polypeptide

Answer 22

Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells
PP cells

Question 23

Name the endocrine pathology:
Myasthenia gravis - lymphoid follicles in thymus
Aplasia/hypoplasia of thymus, parathyroid development failure
Tumor in pancreas secretes gastrin
Beta cell tumor, produces hypoglycemia
Insulin dependent, juvenile onset
Insulin resistance, adult onset

Answer 23

Thymic hyperplasia
DiGeorge syndrome
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Insulinoma
DM Type I
DM Type II