Anderson Intro 2

Question 1

Primary intracellular ion…

Answer 1

K+

Question 2

Primary extracellular ion…

Answer 2

Na+

Question 3

What is the exchange rate for the sodium-potassium pump? Does it require ATP? Against or with the gradient?

Answer 3

3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in
Use ATP
Against gradient

Question 4

What ion is used in co-transport of glucose?

Answer 4

Na+, very common in digestion

Question 5

Endocytosis vs. extocytosis

Answer 5

Endo: pinocytosis - engulfing small particles and extracellular fluid in a vesicle
Phagocytosis- same, but material ingested is larger

Exo: opposite of endo (e.g. chylomicrons)

Question 6

Osmolarity formula

Answer 6

g (number of particles in solution) x C (concentration mol/L)

Question 7

Diffusion potential definition.

Answer 7

Size depends on the concentration gradient.

Sign depends on the charge of the ion diffusing.

Question 8

Equilibrium potential definition.

Answer 8

Point at which you have the same diffusion potential on each side.

Question 9

Resting membrane potential definition.

Answer 9

Sum of diffusion potentials.

Question 10

Where does synthesis of small neurotransmitters occur (GABA, glycine, glutamate, serotonin, dopa, NE)?

Answer 10

Cytosol of the presynaptic terminal

Question 11

Where does synthesis of large neurotransmitters occur (TSH, ACTH)?

Answer 11

In the Neuronal Cell Body, by the ribosomes

Question 12

Adrenergic (NE/Epi) alpha-receptors are excitatory except in the…

Answer 12

GI tract

Question 13

Adrenergic (NE/Epi) beta-receptors are inhibitory except in the…

Answer 13

Heart

Question 14

Which cholinergic (Ach) receptors are stimulated by nicotine? Where are they located?

Answer 14

Nicotinic

Autonomic, parasympathetic, and sympathetic ganglia; adrenal medulla; neuromuscluar junction.

Question 15

Which cholinergic receptors are stimulated by muscarine? Where are they located?

Answer 15

Muscarinic

Postsynaptic parasympathetic, sweat glands

Question 16

Beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptor actions.

Answer 16

Beta-1: postsynaptic sympathetic (cardiac) - excitatory

Beta-2: postsynaptic sympathetic (all others) - inhibitory (e.g. lungs vasodilate and bronchodilate)

Question 17

Alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptor actions.

Answer 17

Alpha-1: postsynaptic sympathetic - excitatory (vessels, lumens) EXCEPT in the GI

Alpha-2: presynaptic sympathetic - decrease catecholamine release
CNS- decrease sympathetic tone

Question 18

What are some secondary messengers? What is their job?

Answer 18

cAMP, cGMP, IP3, DAG, tyrosine kinase

Relay primary message throughout cell to create respective response.

Question 19

Irreversible =

Reversible =

Answer 19

Degeneration (cloudy swelling, fatty, hyalin, myxotamous)

Necrosis (Coagulation, Caseous, Liquefaction, Fat)

Question 20

Name that tissue type for : 
Osteoma
Chondroma
Angioma
Leiomyoma
Rhabdomyoma
Lipoma

Answer 20

Bone
Cartilage
Vacular
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
Fat