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A & P > Integumenrary System > Flashcards

Integumenrary System Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of membrane is skin?

A

Skin

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2
Q

Main layers of skin from superficial to deep

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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3
Q

Epidermis is the what layer

A

Outer

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4
Q

What type of epithelium is the epidermis?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous

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5
Q

The epidermis is hardened by keratin making it what?

A

Avascular

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6
Q

The epidermis has the ability to do what?

A

Renew itself

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7
Q

How often does the epidermis renew?

A

Every 45 days

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8
Q

Epidermis cell types:

A

Melanocytes

Keratinocytes

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9
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Keratin

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10
Q

What is keratin?

A

A waterproofing protein

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11
Q

Where does keratin originate?

A

Deeper layers, moving to surface

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12
Q

What junctions connect keratinocytes?

A

Desmosomes and tight

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13
Q

Where is cell production and keratinization accelerated?

A

Areas of friction

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14
Q

Thickened skin

A

Callus

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15
Q

What do melanocytes produce?

A

Melanin

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16
Q

Where does melanin accumulate?

A

On the superficial side of the nucleus

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17
Q

Why is melanin important?

A

To prevent DNA mutation from UV radiation

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18
Q

Strata if the epidermis from deep for superficial

A 
Stratum basale 
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum 
Stratum corneum
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19
Q

Highly mitotic stratum

A

Basale

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20
Q

Stratum basale contains how much melanocytes?

A

App 25%

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21
Q

Slightly mitotic stratum

A

Spinosum

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22
Q

What type of macrophages are in the spinosum?

A

Langerhans

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23
Q

Where does synthesis of tonofilaments occur?

A

Stratum spinosum

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24
Q

Stratum granulosum contains what cells?

A

Langerhans

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25
Q

Stratum granulosum contains what granules?

A

Keratohyalin

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26
Q

Where is stratum lucidum found?

A

Thicker epidermis

I.e. Palms, soles, callus

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27
Q

Stratum lucidum is completely

A

Keratinized

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28
Q

In stratum lucidum keratin fibrils are formed by what

A

Keratohyalin granules and tonofilaments

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29
Q

The stratum corneum is completely

A

Keratinized and dead

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30
Q

Stratum corneum is what texture to provide what protection

A

Tough and waterproof

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31
Q

What layer of the epidermis do we shed constantly?

A

Stratum corneum

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32
Q

Types of membranes

A

Cutaneous
Mucous
Serous

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33
Q

The strong and flexible, second layer of skin

A

Dermis

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34
Q

Two layers of the dermis

A

Papillary

Reticular

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35
Q

Which dermal layer contains areolar connective tissue?

A

Papillary

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36
Q

An indent into the epidermis, forming fingerprints

A

Dermal papillae

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37
Q

Where is the dermal papillae found?

A

Papillary layer

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38
Q

Contains nerve receptors, capillary loops, etc…

A

Dermal papillae

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39
Q

Where are blisters present?

A

At dermal-epidermal junctions

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40
Q

Blisters occur at what junctions

A

Desmosomes

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41
Q

Separation due to mechanical stress

A

Blister

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42
Q

What dermal layer is made up of dense, irregular, connective tissue

A

Reticular

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43
Q

Blood vessels, nerve receptors, and glands are present in what dermal layer?

A

Reticular

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44
Q

Cleavage are present between what?

A

Collagen bundles

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45
Q

Cleavage lines are present at one dermal layer?

A

Reticular

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46
Q

What is present where the dermis is secured to the hypodermis?

A

Flexure lines

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47
Q

What layer of the dermis are flexure lines present?

A

Reticular

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48
Q

Dermal tears are often called

A

Stretch marks

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49
Q

Stretch marks are found on the

A

Reticular layer

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50
Q

Third layer of skin

A

Hypodermis

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51
Q

Is the hypodermis usually considered part of the skin?

A

No

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52
Q

What is the hypodermis typically classified as?

A

Superficial fascia

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53
Q

What is the job of the hypodermis?

A

Anchors skin to underlying organs

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54
Q

What is the hypodermis mostly composed of?

A

Adipose tissue

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55
Q

Is the hypodermis vascular?

A

Yes, very

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56
Q

Which layer is the site of subcutaneous injections

A

Hypodermis

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57
Q

Skin color is determined by a combo of?

A

Types of pigments present
Blood circulation
Stratum corneum thickness

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58
Q

Two pigments present in skin color

A

Melanin

Carotene

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59
Q

Yellow, brown or black skin pigments

A

Melanin

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60
Q

Pigment produced in melanocytes

A

Melanin

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61
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

Stratum basale

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62
Q

Melanocytes are transferred to?

A

Keratinocytes

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63
Q

Local accumulations of melanin form

A

Freckles and pigmented moles

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64
Q

Amount of melanin produced depends on what two things

A

Genetics

Exposure to sun

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65
Q

Solar elastosis is

A

Clumping of elastin fibers

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66
Q

Solar elastosis =

A

Leathery looking skin

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67
Q

Orange-yellow pigment from some veggies

A

Carotene

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68
Q

Vitamin A precursor

A

Carotene

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69
Q

Vitamin A forms

A

Retinal

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70
Q

Retinal is needed for

A

Sight

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71
Q

Where does carotene accumulate?

A

Adipose cells

Stratum corneum cells

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72
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Skin color determinate

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73
Q

Oxygenated blood cells in dermis capillaries causes

A

Red skin coloring

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74
Q

What determines the extent of red coloring?

A

Oxygen content

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75
Q

Where is hemoglobin more visible/obvious?

A

Fair skinned individuals

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76
Q

Causes increase in flow

A

Vasodilation

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77
Q

Causes decrease in flow

A

Vasoconstriction

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78
Q

Skin can be used as a

A

Diagnostic

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79
Q

Skin color is influenced by what states?

A

Emotional

Disease

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80
Q

Bluish color

A

Lack of O2

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81
Q

Cyanosis coloring

A

Bluish color

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82
Q

Cyanosis means

A

Lack of O2

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83
Q

Redness means

A

Heat
Inflammation
Fever

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84
Q

Erythema coloring

A

Redness

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85
Q

Erythema means

A

Heat
Inflammation
Fever

86
Q

Paleness means

A

Lack of blood flow

87
Q

Pallor coloring

A

Paleness

88
Q

Pallor means

A

Lack of blood flow

89
Q

Yellowish coloring means

A

Liver damage

90
Q

Jaundice coloring

A

Yellowish color

91
Q

Jaundice means

A

Liver damage

92
Q

Bronze (tan) coloring means

A

Addison’s disease

93
Q

Bronzing coloring

A

Bronze(tan)

94
Q

Bronzing means

A

Addison’s disease

95
Q

Black and blue coloring means

A

Blood under the skin

96
Q

Hematomas coloring

A

Black and blue

97
Q

Hematomas means

A

Blood under the skin

98
Q

Hair shaft does what two things

A

Protects from skin

Determines hair curliness

99
Q

Flat hair shaft

A

Curly hair

100
Q

Oval hair shaft

A

Wavy hair

101
Q

Round hair shaft

A

Straight hair

102
Q

Hairs is root is where

A

Embedded into the skin

103
Q

Anatomy of hair from inside out

A

Central medulla
Cortex
Cuticle

104
Q

Cuticle is made up of what

A

Layer of overlapping cells

105
Q

The cuticle is highly

A

Keratinized

106
Q

Where to split ends occur?

A

cuticle

107
Q

Hair color is caused by proportions of

A

3 types of melanin

108
Q

The proportions of melanin which cause hair color is determined by

A

Genetics

109
Q

When melanin is replaced by air bubbles, hair becomes

A

Gray/white and changes texture

110
Q

Hair follicles extend into what layers of skin?

A

Dermis and hypodermis

111
Q

Hair is produced by a

A

Hair bulb

112
Q

The hair bulb is

A

The expanded end of the follicle

113
Q

The papilla of the hair contains _____ for ____

A

Blood vessels

Nourishment

114
Q

Nourishment for hair comes from the

A

Papilla

115
Q

Growth zone of the hair follicle is the

A

Matrix

116
Q

A sheath surrounding the hair root is made up of

A

Dermal and epidermal layers

117
Q

The dermal and epidermal sheath which surrounds the hair root is known as the

A

Hair follicle

118
Q

Smooth muscle related to hair which is regulated by emotions

A

Arrector Pilli

119
Q

_____ of the arrector pilli pulls hair _____

A

Contraction

Upright

120
Q

How does the arrector Pilli normally rest?

A

At an angle

121
Q

Three types of hair

A

Vellus
Terminal
Lanugo

122
Q

Softer, body hair

A

Vellus

123
Q

Coarser hair, found in axillary & anogenital regions

A

Terminal hair

124
Q

Newborn baby fuzz

A

Lanugo

125
Q

Hair growth is influenced by

A 
Nutrition
Hormones
Blood flow
Growth cycles
Growth phase
Resting phase
126
Q

Alopecia

A

Male pattern baldness

127
Q

Male pattern baldness is what type of trait?

A

Sex linked and recessive

128
Q

The process of alopecia replaces ____ hair with ____ hair

A

Terminal

Vellus

129
Q

Alopecia progresses

A

Posteriorly

130
Q

Cute and treatment of alopecia involves drugs that

A

Inhibit testosterone production

131
Q

Minodoxidil

A

Rogaine

132
Q

Current use of Rogaine

A

Stimulates hair regrowth on some men

133
Q

Why is Rogaine such a popular treatment for hair loss?

A

Does not cause loss of sex drive or impotence

134
Q

Factors which cause thinning hair

A 
Heterozygous traits
Nutrition
Medications
Stress
Hormones
Physical factors
135
Q

Nails relationship to skin

A

Appendages

136
Q

Scale-like modifications of the epidermis

A

Nails

137
Q

Nails are _____ keratinized

A

Heavily

138
Q

Extends beneath the nail bed to form nail matrix

A

Stratum basale

139
Q

Responsible for nail growth

A

Matrix region

140
Q

What’s makes nails colorless?

A

Lack of pigment

141
Q

Sudoriferous glands

A

Sweat glands

142
Q

Three types of sweat glands

A

Eccrine
Apocrine
Ceremonious

143
Q

Widely distributed in skin: abundant on palms, soles, and forehead

A

Eccrine

144
Q

Type of sweat glands that open via duct to pore on skin surface

A

Eccrine

145
Q

Sweat glands who produce sweat made of mostly water with a slightly acidic pH of 4-6

A

Eccrine

146
Q

Sweat glands whose main function is thermoregulation

A

Eccrine

147
Q

Sweat glands whose ducts empty into hair follicles

A

Apocrine

148
Q

Sweat glands found mainly in anogenital and axillary regions

A

Apocrine

149
Q

These sweat glands begin to function during puberty due to hormones

A

Apocrine

150
Q

Sweat glands which produce sweat containing organic contents like fatty acids and proteins, sometimes exhibits a yellow color which stains clothes

A

Apocrine

151
Q

Sweat gland produces sweat which has an odor from associated bacteria

A

Apocrine

152
Q

What gland is a modified apocrine gland?

A

Ceruminous gland

153
Q

These glands are found in the outer 1/3 of the ear canal

A

Ceruminous

154
Q

Glands which produces ear wax to trap “invaders”

A

Ceruminous

155
Q

Glands which are appendages a of the skin

A

Sebaceous

156
Q

Glands found all over the body except palms and soles of feet

A

Sebaceous

157
Q

Glands which produce oil for waterproofing

A

Sebaceous

158
Q

Oil produced by sebaceous glands is also used as ___ for skin and _____ _____

A

Lubricant

Kills bacteria

159
Q

Most sebaceous glands have ducts which empty where?

A

Into hair follicles

160
Q

When are sebaceous glands activated? Why

A

Puberty

They are stimulated by hormones

161
Q

Active infection of sebaceous glands

A

Acne

162
Q

What function do macrophages and langerhans cells provide?

A

Engulf invaders

163
Q

How does continuity of skin provide mechanical protection?

A

Impermeable by tight junctions and desmosomes

164
Q

How does keratin provide mechanical protection?

A

Physically blocks the passage of water and water soluble substances

165
Q

Molecules which can pass through mechanical protection barriers

A

Lipid soluble (O2, CO2, ADEK, steroids)
Oleoresins (poison ivy/oak)
Organic solvents (acetone, dry cleaning fluid, paint thinner)
Heavy metals

166
Q

What chemical secretions from the skin provide protection?

A

Tears
Sweat
Oils with low pH and contain lysozyme

167
Q

How does melanin provide chemical protection?

A

Acts as pigment shield against UV radiation

168
Q

Most nitrogen is excreted through

A

Urine

169
Q

Sodium chloride is ____ from the body

A

Excreted

170
Q

Chief determinant is muscle activity

A

Heat production

171
Q

80% of heat transfer is through the

A

Skin

172
Q

20% of heat transfer is through

A

Mucosa

173
Q

Heat transfer is regulated by what two things

A

Vasoconstriction

Vasodilation

174
Q

Heat is carried primarily in the _____ content of the blood

A

Water

175
Q

Why is vitamin D important?

A

Aids uptake of calcium from the food you eat

176
Q

Ca has to be absorbed from your ____ into the ____

A

Stomach

Blood

177
Q

When cholesterol molecules are exposed to UV light they become

A

Vitamin D precursors

178
Q

Where do vitamin D precursors become active?

A

Liver and kidneys

179
Q

Free nerve endings =

A

Pain

180
Q

Discriminating touch, light pressure

A

Meissners corpuscles

181
Q

Cold sensation

A

Krauses corpuscles

182
Q

Heat sensation

A

Ruffini’s corpuscles

183
Q

Medium pressure sensation

A

Merkel corpuscles

184
Q

Deep pressure sensations

A

Pacinian corpuscle

185
Q

Protein desaturation an cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation or chemicals

A

Burn

186
Q

Two major dangers of burns

A

Dehydration

Infection

187
Q

Why is dehydration a major danger?

A

Renal shutdown and circulatory shock

188
Q

Why is infection a major danger of burns?

A

Skin (mechanical) barrier loss

Immune system depresses

189
Q

Only the epidermis is damaged
Local redness, swelling and pain
Usually heal in 2-3 days with no scarring

A

First-degree burns

190
Q 
Epidermis and upper debris and structures within dermis damaged
Appearance of blisters
Skin regeneration in 3-4 weeks
Some scarring
Possible infection
A

Second degree

191
Q

Epidermis and dermis are completely destroyed
Usually painless at burn site
Gray-white, tan, brown, black or deep red
Surrounded by painful lower degree burns
Treatments are involve skin grafting, fluid replacement and debridement

A

Third-degree burns

192
Q

Most common cancer

A

Skin

193
Q

___ of of 5 cancers are skin

A

2

194
Q

Uncontrolled cell growth

A

Cancer

195
Q

Caused by damage to the DNA usually through chemicals or radiation

A

Skin cancer

196
Q

Two types of skin cancer

A

Benign

Metastasized

197
Q

Least malignant and most common skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma

198
Q

Where does BCC arise?

A

Stratum basale

199
Q

Cannot produce keratin

Boundary lost between dermis and epidermis

A

BCC

200
Q

90% of skin cancers are

A

Basal cell

201
Q

Treated surgically or by radiation

A

BCC

202
Q

2nd most common skin cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

203
Q

More common in darker skinned people

A

SCC

204
Q

Where does SCC arise?

A

Stratum spinosum

205
Q

Metastasizes to lymph nodes if left untreated

A

SCC

206
Q

1500-2000 deaths per year

A

SCC

207
Q

Basal and squamous cell are due to ____ effects of the ___ radiation

A

Cumulative

Suns

208
Q

Tend to develop in ages 30-40 after years of daily sun exposure

A

Basal and squamous cell

209
Q

Least common but most deadly of skin cancers

A

Malignant melanoma

210
Q

Where does MM originate?

A

Melanocytes

211
Q

Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels

A

MM

212
Q

ABCD Rule

A

Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter

A & P (7 decks)

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