Unit 1 Flashcards
Structure of body parts and how they fit together
Anatomy
Function of organs and organ systems
Physiology
How does anatomy and physiology fit together?
The function of an organ always relates to its structure
3 subdivisions of anatomy
Gross/macroscopic
Microscopic
Developmental
Parts visible to the naked eye
Gross/macroscopic
Study of cells
Cytology
Study of tissues
Histology
Cytology
Histology
Microscopic
Study changes the occur before birth
Embryology
Ex: embryology
Developmental
Ex: hair, nails, skin
Forms external body covering, protects deeper tissues, synthesis vitamin D, houses cutaneous receptors, sweat and oil glands
Integumentary system
Ex: bones and joints
Protects and supports organs, provides framework for muscles to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within, stores minerals
Skeletal system
Ex: skeletal muscles
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotions, and facial expression. Maintains posture. Produces heat.
Muscular system
Ex: brain, spinal cords, nerves
Fast-acting control system of the body. Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Nervous system
Ex: pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testes
Glands secrete hormones which regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism by body cells
Endocrine system
Ex: heart, blood vessels
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries O2, CO2, nutrients, H2O, etc. heart pumps blood
Cardiovascular
Ex: oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small/large intestine, rectum anus
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foods are eliminated in feces
Digestive system
Ex: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, bladder
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood
Urinary system
Ex: reproductive organs
Production of offspring
Male and female reproductive system
Organizational levels of the human body
Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cellular
Necessary life functions for humans
Maintaining boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth
Survival needs
Nutrients O2 H2O Normal body temp Atmospheric pressure
Internal norm
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
To maintain relatively stable internal conditions
Path of homeostasis
Receptor (on skin) ➡️ control center (nervous system) ➡️ effector (response, usually muscle or hormone)
Reduces effect of stimulus
Negative feedback
Regulating body temp, changing breathing rate, blood sugar levels
Negative feedback
Increases response
Positive feedback
Labor contractions, blood clotting
Positive feedback
More negative or positive feedback?
Negative
Homeostatic imbalance results in?
Disease
Has mass
Affected by gravity
Consists of elements and compounds
Matter
Moves matter Potentials, kinetic Ability to do work Converts Sound light heat
Energy
Pure substance
Element
2+ different elements
Compound
How many elements of life are there?
25
96% of the the body is made of up the elements?
C, O, H, N
4% of the body is made up of
Trace elements
An element with different numbers of neutrons
Isotopes
Strongest bonds are
Covalent
Covalent bonds share
E-
Polar bonds are
Atoms in a bond which different electronegativity
Electrons are not shared equally
Nonpolar bonds are
E- is shared equally
Second strongest bond
Ionic
2 ions (-/+) bond
Ionic
Weakest bond
Hydrogen
Hydrogen in a polar bond connects to the electronegative atom of another polar bond
Hydrogen
Point at which forward and reverse reactions offset one another exactly
Chemical equilibrium
Combining atoms/molecules to form larger, more complex molecule
Synthesis
Breaking apart molecules
Decomposition
Bonds made/broken to exchange parts
Exchange reaction
Increase the rate of reactions
Catalyst
No carbon
Small and simple
Water, salt, acid, and bases
Inorganic compounds
Contains carbon
Usually large and complex
Carbs, lipids, proteins, nuclei acids
Often needed as macromolecules
Organic
Water
Polar molecule that is negative on the O2 end and positive in the H end
Similar cells with a common function
Tissues
Intercellular junctions
Tight
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Close the space between cells
Located among cells that form linings
Tight junctions
Form “spot welds” between cells
Located along outer skin cells
Desmosomes
Tubular channels between cells
Links cytoplasm of 2 cells
Located in cardiac muscle cells
Gap junctions
Covers organs and the body
Epithelial
Line body cavities
Epithelial
Line hollow organs
Epithelial
Have a free surface
Epithelial
Have a basement membrane
Epithelial
Are avascular
Epithelial
Cells readily divide
Epithelial
Cells tightly packed
Epithelial
Cells often have desmosomes
Epithelial
Function is to protect, secrete, absorb, excrete
Epithelial
Single layer of flat cells
Simple squamous
Substances pass easily through
Simple squamous
Line air sacs
Simple squamous
Line blood vessels
Simple squamous
Line lymphatic vessels
Simple squamous
Single layer of cube-shaped cells
Simple cuboidal
Line kidney tubules
Simple cuboidal
Cover ovaries
Simple cuboidal
Line ducts of some glands
Simple cuboidal
Single layer of elongated cells
Simple columnar
Nuclei usually near the basement membrane at same level
Simple columnar
Sometimes possess cilia
Simple columnar
Sometimes possess microvilli
Simple columnar
