Glossary Terms Flashcards
ABCD Model
Used for developing program objectives and includes A=audience (individuals influenced by the program objective), B=behavior (expected action or attitude), C=conditions (context or mode in which behavior will occur), and D=description (concrete performance criterion)
ABCDEs
An acronym used to explain the core beliefs of REBT
ABC-X model of Family Crisis and Stress
Acronym for the model created by Hill through observations of families experiencing separation and reunification during and after WWII: A-provoking stressor event; B-family resources; C-meaning attached to the stressor/event; D-the crisis, which is an acute state of family disequilibrium/immobilization
Ability Assessment
A broad category of assessment instruments that measure the cognitive domain. Assessment of ability includes tests that measure achievement
Ableism
The belief that individuals with disabilities are limited in what they can do and undervalues their abilities
ACA Code of Ethics
A set of guidelines established by the American Counseling Association (ACA) to guide the professional practice of counselors in order to ensure the welfare and safety of clients
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
A cognitive behavioral therapy that emphasizes acceptance and mindfulness processes. A central tenet is that maladaptive behaviors develop from clients’ attempts to avoid or suppress negative thoughts and feelings.
Accommodation
An individual perceives and interprets new information in a way that causes the restructuring of existing cognitive structures.
Accountability
From a program evaluation perspective, a process of providing feedback about a program to its stakeholders.
Accreditation
A process that eligible educational institutions and organizations can elect to undergo to demonstrate that the institution meets set standards.
Acculturation
A process by which groups of individuals from differing cultures exchange cultural attributes as a result of continuously close contact. Typically, the minority group’s adoption of the dominant culture’s beliefs, values, and language; however, the dominant group can also adopt minority cultural patterns.
Acculturative Stress
The cognitive and affective consequences associated with leaving one’s one country and entering a host country. Individuals with this have to adapt to the values, norms, and behaviors of a new culture and lose some of their cultural identity in the process.
Achievement Tests
Assess the knowledge and skills an individual has acquired in a particular area due to instruction or training experiences.
Acting “As If”
An adlerian counseling technique that encourages clients to act like they are the person they hope to be someday. This technique helps clients realize that they are capable of changing and being the person they want to be.
Action Research
Research carried out in an effort to improve practice or organizational efficiency. It is used as a means to test new approaches, theories, or ideas and reflect on one’s own teachings in an effort to enhance effectiveness.
Active Imagination
A Jungian technique that requires clients to actively talk to the characters in their dreams.
Active Listening
A counseling technique used in both individual and group therapy in which the counselor attends to the nonverbal and verbal behaviors of clients to show that the counselor is paying attention.
Active Theories
Developmental theories that portray people as active in regulating or governing their behavior.
Adaptation
According to Piaget, individuals must ——- their existing cognitive structures when new information is encountered. The ______ of cognitive structures occurs through two complementary processes known as assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation and accommodation assist an individual in reducing the disequilibrium that results from encountering new information, which challenges previously existing ways of thinking.
Adaptive Information Processing (AIP)
This theory holds that the brain is capable of adapting and learning from the events in our life. Pathology develops when this adaptive process has not occurred or has not been completed around a traumatic or stressful event.
Addiction
The psychological or physiological dependence on a substance or activity to maintain normal functioning. _______ is generally associated with increased tolerance and the experience of withdrawal symptoms when the drug is removed.
Alfred Adler
A Viennese psychologist who developed the theory of individual psychology. He was the first major figure to break away from Freudian psychoanalysis because he disagreed with Freud over the importance of sexuality in motivating human behavior.
Advisory Committeee
Used in program development and evaluation. Typically, the committee is composed of representatives from various stakeholder groups and varies widely in form and function.
Advocacy Counseling
Promotes the needs of clients, communities, and the counseling profession at the local, state, regional, and national levels.
Affectional Orientation
The suggested term used to describe sexual minorities, as it acknowledges that all relationships involve attraction, emotional stability, communication styles, and other interpersonal factors and feelings in addition to sexual attraction.
Ageism
The stereotyping and discrimination against individuals or groups as a result of their age. Ageism is based on the false notion that chronological age determines and individual’s characteristics and value.
Aggression
Taking action with the intent to cause pain or harm. _______ can be verbal, physical, or relational.
Aggressiveness
Displayed in a group as frequent disagreement with, and forceful attempt to impose ideas upon, the leader and other members.
Aging
A set, predictable process involving growth and change in an organism over time. _____ is categorized as biological, psychological, and social. Two primary theories of ______ have been proposed: disengagement theory (views withdrawal from social system as a natural process) and activity theory (suggests that people prefer to remain socially active when they age.
Agnosticism
The belief that any ultimate being is unknown or unknowable
Mary Ainsworth
She described four patterns of infant attachment: secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized
Alcoholics Anonymous
An organization that provides self-help groups and resources to persons who abuse alcohol. ____ assists individuals with gaining and maintaining control over their lives through sobriety.
Alignments
Alliances between family members (i.e., the ways family members join with and oppose each other)
Alliances
The subgrouping of members in group therapy. Positive ______ can provide sources of support and strength and lead to high levels of group performance and cohesion, serving much the same intimacy function as friendships and families. However, __________ that are exclusionary can prevent members from forming productive relationships and achieving individual and group goals.
Alternative Hypothesis
A hypothesis developed in order to be eliminated; it addresses the question “What else could be causing the results?” __________ usually involve outlining potential extraneous variables. It is notated Hsub1.
American Association of State Counseling Boards (AASCB)
Created to connect together states’ licensure boards in order to promote communication to the public and collaboration among states regarding counseling licensure laws and legal matters.
American College Counseling Association (ACCA)
A division of ACA, the ______ is a professional association for counselors working in higher education.
American Counseling Association (ACA)
The largest professional association for counselors. ___ was established in 1952, to promote the growth and development of the profession.
American Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA)
An interdisciplinary organization promoting research and practice in group psychotherapy for individuals with mental disorders.
American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA)
The division of the ACA that services as the professional association for mental health counselors.
American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA)
Known today as the ACA
American Rehabilitation Counseling Association (ARCA)
A division of ACA, _____ is the professional association for rehabilitation counselors, educators, and students.
American School Counselor Association (ASCA)
The division of ACA that serves as the professional association for school counselors committed to increasing student achievement and success.
American Society of Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama (ASGPP)
Founded by J.L. Moreno, this professional association promotes standards in training, research, and practice in psychodrama, sociometry, and group psychotherapy.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990
Prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in employment, public services, and telecommunications, and requires accommodations for access.
Amplification
A technique in which Jung compared the dreamer’s image to stories or images in myths, fairy tales, literature, art, and folklore. ________ helps the analyst identify central archetypes and possible meanings behind dreams.
Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)
A statistical test that includes an independent variable as a covariate, or a variable that needs to be statistically adjusted and controlled in order to look at the relationship of other independent variables and the dependent variable.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
A statistical test that involves having at least one independent variable in a study with three or more groups or levels. An _____ provides an F ratio, which indicates if two or more of the group means are statistically different. With more than one independent variable, a factorial _____ is used. Factorial _____s yield both main effects and interaction effects.
Androgyny
An individual’s embodiment and expression of both male and female traditional characteristics.
Annulment
The voiding of a marriage
Aptitude Tests
Assess what a person is capable of learning and attempt to predict how well that individual will perform in the future.
Arbitration
Use of a third party to make decisions that resolve a conflict for the involved individuals
Archetypes
A Jungian concept used to refer to innate, universal templates for human thought and behaviors. _____ are patterns of human experience and interpretations that have existed since the origin of human kind.
Army Alpha
Devleoped by Robert Yerkes, the ______ is an intelligence test developed during WWI to screen the cognitive ability of military recruits
Army Beta
The language-free version of the intelligence test used during WWI to screen the cognitive ability of military recruits who could not read or speak English
Asking the Question
The question, often asked of Adlerian psychology, “How would your life be different if you were well?” Many variations of this question are used, the primary goals being to help clients think about the possibility of no longer having their problem and to show clients that they have the ability to change their lives. This question also helps counselors gain a clearer picture of what the client would like to change and whether the problem is physiological or psychological.
Aspirational Ethics
The optimal standard of behavior and the highest professional standards of conduct to which professional counselors can aspire.
Assertiveness Training
The use of behavioral techniques such as shaping, modeling, and behavioral rehearsal to assist clients in learning how to be assertive and speak up for themselves in an appropriate manner without being passive or aggressive.
Assessment
The systematic process of gathering and documenting information regarding a client’s knowledge, skills, attitudes, and/or beliefs.
Assimilation
The process by which an individual perceives and interprets new information through previously existing cognitive structures.
Assimilation Model
A model of acculturation in which highly acculturated individuals identify solely with the new culture, so that one group adopts values and customs of another, more dominant group.
Association for Adult Development and Aging (AADA)
A division of the ACA founded in 1986 to improve the counseling services available to adults at all stages of life through advancing counselor education and preparation related to human development and aging.
Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling (AARC)
A division of ACA founded in 1965 to guide the proper development, training, and use of assessment and research in counseling. Formerly known as the Association for Assessment in Counseling and Education (AACE).
Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES)
A division of ACA founded to enhance counseling services in all specializations through the promotion of quality education, supervision, and credentialing of counselors.
Association for Counselors and Educators in Government (ACEG)
A division of ACA founded to connect counselors and educators working in government and military settings.
Association for Creativity in Counseling (ACC)
This professional association, a division of ACA, was founded to promote imaginative and creative approaches to counseling and is comprised of counseling professionals from diverse specializations, including dance, art, music, and play therapy.
Association for Humanistic Counseling (AHC)
This “heart and conscience of the counseling profession” looks after the mental health and wellness of both clients and counselors. Formerly known as Counseling Association for Humanistic Education and Development (C-AHEAD).
Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling (ALGBTIC)
A division of ACA established to fight in the crusade for recognition of sexual minority issues within the counseling profession.
Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD)
A division of ACA created to raise awareness about multicultural issues in counsleing.
Association for Specialists in Group work (ASGW)
A division of ACA founded in 1973 for the advancement of professionalism in group work
Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling (ASERVIC)
A division off ACA created to promote the incorporation of spiritual, religious, and ethical values into counselors’ educational programs and professional practices
Atheism
The disbelief in the existence of God.
Attending
A basic counseling skill that involves the counselor’s use of verbal and nonverbal behaviors to convey to the client that the counselor is actively listening and is interested in client self-disclosures. Nonverbal behaviors include eye contact, an open stance, head nodding, gestures, and silence; verbal behaviors include door openers and minimal encouragers.
Attention-Seeking Behaviors
Behaviors that call attention to the group member and away from other members.
Attenuation
A misleading correlation that occurs when unreliable measures indicate a lower relationship between two variables than actually exists.
Attribution Theory
Concerned with how people perceive their own as well as others’ behaviors. It also examines the cause an individual gives to events and how these cognitive perceptions shape one’s behavior.
Authoritarian
A group leadership style in which the group leader takes control of and responsibility for the group; sets the agenda, goals, and rules; and serves as the conduit for member interaction.
Automatic Thoughts
A term used in cognitive therapy to refer to immediate personal beliefs and ideas that are unexamined and dysfunctional.
Autonomy
The ability of clients to exercise free will and act independently
Autosomal Diseases
Genetic disorders that involve a chromosome other than the sex chromosome. Examples are phenylketonuria, sickle cell anemia, and Tay-Sachs disease.
Back Home Visits
A technique used in Bowen family systems therapy that requires clients who have unresolved issues to visit their family of origin in order to increase the client’s differentiation.
Albert Bandura
He developed social learning theory, which is based on the principle that people learn through observation, imitation, and modeling.
Bar Graph
A graph that displays nominal data. Each ____ represents a distinct response, and the height indicates the frequency of that response.
BASIC ID
An acronym used to describe the seven assessment domains in multimodal therapy.
Behavioral Rehearsal
A technique used by the client to practice or rehearse new behaviors until he or she is confident enough to try the new behaviors outside of the counseling environment.
Behaviorism
A scientific, research-based theory of counseling that aims to modify clients’ maladaptive behaviors. Counselors who use this approach focus only on overt, observable client behaviors and specify that all client behavior is learned and, therefore, can be unlearned. Often referred to as the “second force” in counseling.
Belmont Report
A report prompted by the ethical issues arising from the Tuskegee syphilis study. Created by the former U.S Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to outline ethical principles and guidelines for research involving human participants.
Beneficience
In contrast to nonmaleficence, means doing only good.
Eric Berne
Developed Transactional Analysis
Between-Groups Design
A general category of experimental research designs that involves exploring the effects of a treatment or intervention between two groups or among more than two groups.
Bias
In assessment, a broad term that refers to an individual or group being deprived of the opportunity to demonstrate their true skills, knowledge, abilities, and personalities on a given assignment.
Biculturalism
A model of acculturation in which individuals identify with both their own culture and the host culture.
Biography
A qualitative research tradition that seeks to identify personal meanings individuals give to their social experiences. The researcher gathers stores and explores meanings for an individual as well as how the stories fit into a broader social or historical context.
Biological Aging
Categorization of aging as biological (how the body functions and changes over time)
Biracial Individuals
Individuals who are the biological children of parents from two different racial backgrounds.
Birth Order
Also referred to as sibling position; the position children occupied in their families of origin. Alfred Adler believed that where individuals fall chronologically in their family influences their personalities.
Bisexual
Said of an individual who is attracted to members of the same and opposite sex
Blind Study
A study in which the participants are not aware of the condition (treatment or control group) to which they have been assigned.
Blocking
A technique used in group counseling to stop a counterproductive member behavior in order to protect other members from potentially damaging interactions.
Boundaries
The physical and psychological factors that separate the family system from outsiders, as well as define roles and responsibilities within a family unit. _______ can be either rigid or flexible.
Bowen Family Systems Therapy
Developed by Murray Bowen, this theory proposes that healthy peoples’ thoughts are differentiated from their feelings. healthy individuals have also resolved their family of origin issues and do not experience undue anxiety when relationships with others become stressful.
Murray Bowen
Developed Bowen family systems therapy, which maintains that people are affected by their family of origin and must resolve any issues from childhood to keep from repeating dysfunctional patterns of interaction in future relationships.
John Bowlby
Described infants’ innate ability to bond with their caregiver.
Bridging
A technique used in multimodal therapy by which counselors match their approach to a client’s preferred domain in order to strengthen the therapeutic alliance and increase the client’s comfort with the counseling process.
Burnout
A type of work-related strain stemming from repeated exposure to stressful circumstances that results in emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. ____ has been empirically linked to several mental, behavioral, and physical symptoms.
Gerard Caplan
Expanded Eric Lindemann’s work by applying public health and preventative psychiatry principles.
Career
The lifetime pursuits of an individual. While the term can be broadly defined to include all the roles people play throughout their lifetime, many theorists maintain that the term ______ is largely concerned with an individual’s work and leisure roles.
Career Adaptability
An individual’s readiness and available resources for coping with changing work and employment conditions. It involves the ability to cope with predictable career development tasks as well as a future orientation that permits individuals to continually capitalize on their skills and abilities.
Career Adjustment
A worker’s ability to adapt or adjust to the work environment.
Career Assessment
A broad process of systematically collecting career-related information using multiple methods. ________ results can provide an individual with information concerning career options, career planning courses, personality type, aptitudes, career-related beliefs, interests, work values, career development stage, and career barriers. Three commonly used methods include interviewing, formal testing, and self-assessment.
Career Choice
The decisions individuals make at any point in their career about which work and leisure activities to pursue.
Career Construction Theory
Mark Savickas’ narrative career counseling approach which maintains that individuals construct their careers by imposing meaning on vocational behaviors. This approach emphasizes individual personality types, life themes, and career adaptability.
Career Counseling
The process by which professional counselors facilitate an individual’s development of a life career; specifically, counselors focus on assisting clients with defining their role as a worker and understanding how that role interacts with their other life roles.
Career Decision-Making Theories
A group of career theories that focus on the decision-making process and are less concerned with the careers people actually choose.. Theories falling within this category can be prescriptive (describe ideal approaches to decision making) or descriptive (explain how individuals actually make vocational choices).
Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy
The degree to which individuals feel competent in their ability to make a career decision. persons with high __________ will readily engage in career decision-making behaviors, whereas those with low ___________ may give up easily if they run into barriers or avoid engaging in these behaviors altogether.
Career Development
A process by which individual s grow and change to cope with and accommodate career issues that arise throughout their lifetime.
Career Development Inventories
A group of inventories that identify personal factors that may impede or facilitate an individual’s career development process. Typically these inventories measure factors related to faulty career beliefs, anxiety, career maturity, and career barriers.
Career Development Theory
Developed by Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma, this lifespan theory focuses on the career decision-making processes of children and adolescents. The theory proposes that career decision making involves three developmental stages: fantasy, tentative, and realistic.
Career Interests
Preferences for particular life activities. Though to play a key role in career decision making and choice. Three types are typically distinguished: expressed, manifested, and tested.
Career Intervention
A counseling itnervention specifically meant to facilitate clients’ career development processes and the attainment of their counseling goals. Career counseling interventions can be implemented in an individual or group session.
Career Maturity
An individual’s readiness tom make good career choices
Career Salience
The significance or importance an individual places on the role of career in relationship to other life roles. ____ is often defined by an individual’s participation, commitment, and value expectations.
Career Transition
A move from one developmental stage to the next. These can be smooth and seamless or or chaotic and disruputive.
Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Technical Education Act of 1984
Provides access to vocational assessment, counseling, and placement services for the economically disadvantaged, those with disabilities, individuals entering nontraditional occupations, adults in need of vocational training, single parents, those with limited English proficiency, and incarcerated individuals.
Case Study
(a) used in human development research to collect data on a developmental change from a single individual, or a single group of individuals experiencing as similar developmental phenomenon (b) a qualitative research approach that describes a case, a distinct system of an event, process, setting, or individuals or small group of individuals
Catching Oneself
An Adlerian counseling technique that encourages clients to catch themselves when they are engaging in the behaviors that are perpetuating their presenting problem
Central Nervous System
A part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Central Tendency
Measures of the typical or middle value of the data set.
Certified Rehabilitation Counselor (CRC)
Professionals who seek to help individuals with disabilities work through personal and vocational issues they may encounter as a result of impairment.
Child Abuse
Involves harm to an individual under the age of 18, caused by either exploitation, neglect, or physical, sexual, or emotional abuse
Child Centered Play Therapy (CCPT)
A type of play therapy that adheres to the theoretical principles of Roger’s Client Centered Therapy. __ emphasizes unconditional positive regard, acceptance, and empathetic responding, maintaining that when these basic conditions are present in the therapeutic environment children naturally move toward self-actualization and their full potential.
Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA)
Federal legislation that addresses the prevention, assessment, investigation, and prosecution of child abuse and neglect. The act mandates counselors to report suspicions of child abuse and/or neglect to their local child protective services.
Child Protective Services
A state agency that investigates reports of child abuse and neglect.
Chi Sigma Iota (CSI)
The international honor society for professional counselors, counselor educators, and counseling students. __ was created in 1985 to foster achievement and scholarship within the profession as well as to acknowledge exceptional leaders in the field.
Chi-Square Test
A nonparametric statistical test used to determine whether two or more categorical or nominal variables are statistically independent.
Choice Theory
A theoretical approach developed by William Glasser that holds people make choices to meet their five basic needs: survival, belonging, power, freedom, and fun.
Chronemics
How individuals perceive, structure, and react to time.
Circular Causality
A term used in general systems theory to describe the notion that each family member’s behavior is influenced by other family members.
Circular Questioning
A Milan family therapy technique that uses questions to highlight family connects and differences among family members.
Clarifying
A counseling technique used in individual or group therapy to help the counselors check their understanding of what clients have said.
Classical Conditioning
A learning process, first described by Ivan Pavlov, that occurs when an environmental stimulus is consistently associated with a naturally occurring stimulus.
Classification Systems
Used to assess the presence or absence of an attribute
Classism
A form of oppression based on a person’s social status. _________ can take two forms: structural and internalized.
Client-Centered Counseling
The _______ approach developed by Carl Rogers, which proposes that clients, not counselors, set the pace for counseling and determine the focus of each session. _____ downplays the use of techniques, instead focusing on the development of a trusting, genuine, and accepting therapeutic relationship to facilitate change.
Clinical Assessment
The process of assessing clients through multiple methods such as personality testing, observation, interviewing, and performance in order to increase client self-awareness or assist the professional counselor in client conceptualization and treatment planning.
Clinical Interviewing
The process by which a professional counselor uses clinical skills to obtain information from a client that will facilitate the course of counseling, such as a client’s demographic characteristics, presenting problems, current life situation, family, educational status, occupational background, physical health, and mental health history.
Closed Groups
Leaders allow a set number of members to participate from the group’s beginning to termination and expect consistent attendance throughout the group experience.
Coalitions
Occur when some family members form an alignment against another family member
Coefficient of Determination
The amount of shared variance between two variables; computed by squaring the correlation coefficient
Cognitive Ability Tests
Tests that make predictions about an individual’s ability to perform in future grade levels, colleges, and graduate schools
Cognitive-Behavior Modification
A cognitive behavioral approach created by Donald meichenbaum that trains clients to alter their internal cognitions in order to change the way they react and respond to situations
Cognitive-Behavioral Theories
A counseling approach that seeks to alter both the thoughts and actions of clients through the use of cognitive and behavioral techniques.
Cognitive Dissonance
Conflict or discomfort experienced when a discrepancy is noticed between what an individual already knows and new information being received.
Cognitive Information Processing Approach
A career decision-making theory that emphasizes career decision making an the thought processes that influence decision making. Counselors implementing this strive to understand how the way clients think influences the decision-making process.
Cognitive Rehearsal
A cognitive technique that assists clients in practicing their new thoughts before implementing them in an actual situation.
Cognitive Restructuring
A technique used in cognitive-behavioral modification to help clients adjust their self-talk. The process involves targeting the client’s self-statements that result in problematic behaviors or feelings and replace the self-statements with new statements that are more rational, logical, and positive.
Cognitive Therapy
A type of therapy developed by Aaron Beck which posits that people’s emotions and behaviors are a direct result of their cognitions. Seeks to assist clients in identifying, testing, and restructuring their distorted, dysfunctional thoughts.
Cohort Study
Involves assessing the same population over time
Co-Leadership
Occurs when more than one leader shares or helps to facilitate the group process
Collective Trauma
A community’s reaction to a crisis
Collective Unconscious
A Jungian term used to refer to the part of an individual’s unconscious that is shared by the entire human race. This is a product of ancestral experience and contains archetypes.
Color Blindness
Involves the equal treatment by ignoring racial differences. Professional counselors who endorse this assumption are likely to adopt the attitude that race no longer matters, and in doing so perpetuate a continuing distrust of White counselors for clients of color, diminish the importance that the client’s cultural background has on the client’s worldview, and fail to create therapeutic goals that are met with culturally appropriate treatments.
Color Consciousness
A process by which Whites experience guilt for their role in perpetuating racial discrimination for racial minorities and, as a result, begin to focus solely on racial differences.
Colorism
A form of discrimination in which individuals receive differential treatment based on skin color. Traditionally, individuals whose skin color approximates that of Whites receive preferential treatment.
Coming Out Process
The process of recognizing oneself as a sexual minority and disclosing one’s sexual identity to others
Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification (CRCC)
A non-profit organization that was formed in 1974 to certify rehabilitation counselors who meet particular professional standards and have achieved adequate education and work experience related to rehabilitation.
Common Rule
A part of “Title 45: Public Health, Part 46: Protection of Human Subjects” of the Code of Federal Regulations. It outlines policies that guide researchers who use human subjects. It requires that studies be approved by an IRB.
Communication Disorders
A group of disorders that involve problems in speech, language, and hearing
Comparative Design
A type of nonexperimental design that allows the researcher to investigate group differences for a particular variable in order to determine if there is a difference between the groups.
Compassion Fatigue
Occurs when helping professionals experience overwhelming feelings after being exposed to client crisis states. Professionals may feel hopelessness, a decrease in pleasure, constant stress and anxiety, and a pervasive negative attitude.
Complainants
A term used in SFBT to characterize clients who recognize the existence of a problem and can define it but have yet to commit to solving it.
Complementary Relationships
Relationships in a family between unequals, where one member is one down and the other is one up. Although this description appears negative, this is not necessarily so.
Complex
A Jungian term used to describe amalgamating unconscious feelings, thoughts, and desires. Jung proposed the existence of many kinds of complexes and that each complex revolves around a universal experience, or archetype. complexes symbolize issues that a person needs to resolve.
Compromise
A method professional counselors can use to help group members detach their ideas from their egos in order to promote group goals and enhance the group process.
Computer-Adaptive Testing
A type of testing that has the ability to adapt the test structure and items to the examinee’s ability level.
computer Assisted CareerGuidance Systems
Computer-based systems that provide vocational assessments, occupation and educational information, and career planning tools. Commonly used systems include DISCOVER, SIGI PLUS, Choices, and Guidance Information Service.
Combuter Based Testing
A method for administering, analyzing, and interpreting tests though the use of computer technology, software programs, or Internet sites.
Confianza
A value in the Latino culture that refers to possessing trust and confidence in those with whom one is in a relationship.
Confidentiality
An ethical principle that requires professional counselors to maintain the privacy of information shared by the client during counseling sessions.
Confirmatory Bias
A person’s likelihood of screening for information that confirms previously held beliefs.
Conflict
An intrapersonal struggle in which an individual must make a decision between at least two choices, or an interpersonal struggle between at least two persons who are striving to achieve opposing goals.
Conflict Resolution
The way individuals seek resolution to interpersonal differences. Usually involves negotiating, mediating, facilitating, and arbitrating.
Confronting
A counseling skill that involves informing clients about discrepancies in their words, behaviors, feelings, or nonverbal communication in order to increase client self-awareness so the client can become more congruent.
Congruence
In Holland’s theory of types, the relationship between an individual’s personality and the work environment.
Conscious Mind
Awareness of everything occurring in the present.
Consciousness
A total awareness of one’s self.
Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR)
A qualitative approach that combines the elements of phenomenology and grounded theory and involves researchers selecting participants who are very knowledgeable about a topic and remaining close to data without major interpretation with some hope of generalizing to a larger population.
Consistency
The degree of similarity between the six different Holland types. Holland developed the hexagon model to illustrate the degree of similarity among the different types.
Constructivism
A philosophical paradigm that contends there are multiple realities or perspectives for any given phenomenon. truth differs for individuals and is an internal manifestation, as opposed to positivism and postpositivism, which propose that truth is external to the individual.
Contact Summary Sheet
A data management tool used in qualitative research that provides a single-page snapshot of a specific contact, such as an interview or observation.
Continuous Development
Emphasizes the small shifts or gradual, sequential, changes that occur in behaviors and abilities over time and that are difficult to separate.
Continuous Development
Emphasizes the small shifts or gradual, sequential, changes that occur in behaviors and abilities over time and that are difficult to separate.
Control Group
Used in experimental designs, this group comprises those participants in a study who share very similar attributes with the experimental group but do not receive treatment
Conversion therapy
Also known as reparative therapy, attempts to convert individuals of gay or lesbian sexual identities to a heterosexual identity.
Consultation
A formal process by which professional helpers and individuals/groups form a relationship voluntarily in order to solve a problem. Typically the professional helper assists he individual/group with defining and resolving an issue.
Contingency Contracts
A behavioral technique that uses a chart or table to note whether desired behaviors were achieved. Can also describe the conditions that must be met for the individual to be rewarded.
Core Counseling Conditions
Rogers proposed that counselors must posses ____ in order to promote client change, growth and self actualization.
Correlational Research Design
A type of nonexperimental research design that allows the researcher to describe the relationship between two variables. The variables are not experimentally manipulated; therefore, the researcher cannot determine a causal relationship. Instead, this design computes a correlation coefficient that describes the strength and direction of a relationship.
Correlation Coefficient
A numerical index that represent the relationship between two variables.
Correspondence
the degree to which the individual and work environment continue to meet each others needs
Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP)
An independent accrediting agency that provides accreditation for master’s level counseling programs and doctoral level counselor education programs.
Counseling Groups
Groups that are designed to help members work on interpersonal problems and promote behavioral changes related to these problems. They are typically problem oriented, helping member explore their problems and seek resolution; but they can also be preventative, growth oriented, or remedial.
Counselors for Social Justice (CSJ)
A division of the ACA since 2002, this group was established with the mission of confronting oppressive systems of power and privilege relevant to counselors and their clients.
Counselor Supervisors
Experienced professional counselors who provide training to novice counselors.
Counterparadox
Counselors’ technique of asking family members not to change too quickly in order to assist the family in avoiding resistance
Countertransference
A psychoanalytic term used to describe the emotions and fantasies a counselor unconsciously transfers to the client. Typically, these feelings stem from the counselor’s own unresolved conflicts and past relationships.
Crisis
A stressful or traumatic event that compromises a person’s previously effective coping mechanisms.
Crisis Counseling Program (CCP)
A model of crisis intervention that focuses on restoring a sense of safety in the aftermath of a natural disaster.
Crisis Team
A group of professionals from different backgrounds who have been trained to respond to those in crisis.
Criterion-Referenced Assessment
Provides information about an individual’s score by comparing it to a predetermined standard or set criterion.
John Crites
A leading vocational psychologist of the 20th century who researched the area of career maturity and developed the Career Maturity Inventory.
Critical/Ideological Paradigm
A philosophical paradigm that centers on researchers taking a proactive role and confronting the social structure and conditions facing oppressed or underprivileged groups.
Cross-Sectional Design Studies
A research method that allows the researcher to simultaneously compare several groups from differing levels of development with respect to the independent variables
Crystallized Intelligence
A type of intelligence proposed by Cattell that is gained through learning and is greatly affected by life experiences and culture
Cultural Encapsulation
Occurs when the dominant cultural view is regarded in counseling as more important than minority values.
Cultural Identity
Derived from an individual’s sense of belonging to specific subgroups of various cultural groups or categories.
Culture
The shared attitudes, values, expectations, habits, customs and rituals of a group that are transmitted from one generation to the next and provide members with rules for living and adapting to the environment.
Culture Shock
The experience of disorientation and psychological symptoms such as anxiety and depression that occurs when one adjusts to a new culture where rules, customs, and language are unknown.
Customers
A term used in SFBT to characterize the most ideal clients; such clients recognize a problem that needs to be fixed and are committed to fixing it.
Data Display
A data management tool used in qualitative research to present organized data in a table format or a figure containing interconnected nodes. _______ may be created for each participant as well as across a sample.
Decay of Memory Theory
Suggests that traces of information held in memory simply decay over time and that the memory eventually disappears forever.
Decision Accuracy
The accuracy of an instrument in supporting counselor decisions.
Defamation
A type of tort that refers to marring an individual’s reputation through the intentional spreading of falsehoods.
Definitional Ceremony
A technique used in narrative therapy, in which clients tell their new stories to an audience of outside witnesses.
Degrees of Freedom
An important concept used in inferential statistics that refers to the number of IVs free to vary.
Demand Characteristics
Cues that participants pick up from the researcher or research setting that motivate them to behave or respond in certain ways.
Democratic
A group leadership style in which the group leader facilitates member interactions. With the leader’s guidance, members make decisions, take responsibility, set agendas, and establish goals and rules.
Derived Score
A converted raw score that gives meaning to test scores by comparing an individual’s score with those of the norm group.
Descriptive Design
The most prevalent category of nonexperimental research design; includes thoroughly describing a variable at one time or over time.
descriptive Research
A type of nonexperiemental research that is used to describe a phenomenon that does not involve an intervention
Descriptive Statistics
organize and summarize a data set
Steve de Shazer
Developed SFBT
Determinism
A philosophical position that argues people’s actions are predetermined by an external, uncontrollable force, such as genetics or biology.
Detriangulation
In Bowen family systems therapy, learning how to avoid involvement in triangles and how to avoid triangulating others.
Developmental Scores
Scores that put an individual’s raw score along a developmental continuum in order to derive meaning.
Developmental Supervision Approaches
Approaches that emphasize counselor-trainees’ progress through a series of stages as they become more experienced, competent, and independent
Deviation IQ
A type of standardized score that has a mean of 100 and an SD of 15.
Diagnostic Systems
Standardized terminologies, or common languages, that allow mental health professionals to communicate with one another regarding client diagnosis and treatment planning.
Diagnostic Tests
Tests that identify learning disabilities or specific learning difficulties by providing an in-depth analysis of student skill competency in a given academic area.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
A CBT therapy that has a behavioral component that integrates problem solving with acceptance based strategies, and a dialectical component that emphasizes the thought processes and behaviors used in treating clients with multiple disorders.
Differentiation
An individual or work environment’s level of distinctiveness between each of the six Holland types.
Differentiation of Self
A term used in Bowen family systems therapy to refer to individuals’ ability to separate themselves from their family of origin without cutting themselves off from their families.
Directives
Homework assignments
Direct Observation
Observation that assesses an individual’s behavior in real time and usually occurs in a naturalistic setting
Directory Information
Information that schools can release about students without parental consent. Includes the student’s name, address, telephone number, date of birth, place of birth, honors or awards, and dates of attendance at the school.
Disability
A physical, mental, or behavioral challenge that limits an individual’s ability to function in the activities associated with daily living.
Discontinuous Development
Portrays changes in behaviors and abilities as qualitatively different from previous or subsequent behaviors and abilities.
Discrimination Model
A supervision model that requires the supervisor to be aware of the supervisee’s intervention, conceptualization, and personalization skills and address supervisee needs by adopting the role of either teacher, counselor, or consultant as needed.
Disputing Irrational Beliefs
A technique used in REBT in which the counselor challenges a client’s irrational beliefs
Distorted Thinking
Inaccurate thoughts or ideas that maintain dysfunctional thinking and negative emotions.
Divorce
The formal, legal termination of a marriage.
Document Summary Form
A data management tool used in qualitative research that i similar to a contact summary sheet but is used to document salient themes and reflections from unobtrusive data sources, such as newsletters or artifacts.
Dollard, John, and Neal Miller
proposed that anxiety and psychological disturbances were learned from experiences. They are best known for identifying and describing three types of conflict: approach-approach, approach-avoidance, avoidance-avoidance
Dominant Narratives
Narratives involving cultural customs that affect a client’s life and worldview
Double Blind Study
A study in which neither the researcher nor the participant knows if the participant belongs to the experimental group or the control group.
Double Jeopardy
Individuals who are marginalized as a result of dual minority status
Drawing Out
The group leader directly interacting with a member to get the member to contribute to a discussion topic or activity.
Dream Analysis
A psychoanalytic technique in which dreams are explored and interpreted according to manifest and latent content.
Dream Interpretation
A Jungian technique that involves helping clients understand the personal meaning behind their dreams.
DSM-5
The manual outlining the nosological system most commonly used by mental health practitioners in the United States.
Educational Accreditation
A process by which educational programs and services are evaluated by an external agency to determine whether certain standards are being met.
Educational Record
Any document or information kept by the school relating to a student, such as attendance, achievement, behavior, activities, and assessment
Effect Size
A measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables in a population.
