Appraisal

Question 1

Appraisal can be defined as

a. the process of assessing or estimating attributes.
b. testing which is always performed in a group setting.
c. testing which is always performed on a single individual.
d. a pencil and paper measurement of assessing attributes.

Answer 1

a. the process of assessing or estimating attributes.

Question 2

A test can be defined as a systematic method of measuring a
sample of behavior. Test format refers to the manner in which
test items are presented. The format of an essay test is considered
a(n) _______ format.

a. subjective.
b. objective.
c. very precise.
d. concise.

Answer 2

a. subjective.

Question 3

The National Counselor Exam (NCE) is a(n) _______ test because
the scoring procedure is specific.

a. subjective.
b. objective.
c. projective.
d. subtest.

Answer 3

b. objective.

Question 4

A short answer test is a(n) _______ test.

a. objective.
b. culture free.
c. forced choice.
d. free choice.

Answer 4

d. free choice.

Question 5

The NCE is a(n) _______ test.

a. free choice.
b. forced choice.
c. projective.
d. intelligence.

Answer 5

b. forced choice.

Question 6

The _______ index indicates the percentage of individuals who
answered each item correctly.

a. difficulty.
b. critical.
c. intelligence.
d. personal.

Answer 6

a. difficulty.

Question 7

Short answer tests and projective measures utilize free response
items. The NCE and the CPCE uses forced choice or so-called

_______ items.

a. vague.
b. subjective.
c. recognition.
d. numerical.

Answer 7

c. recognition.

Question 8

A true/false test has _______ recognition items.

a. similar.
b. free choice.
c. dichotomous.
d. no.

Answer 8

c. dichotomous.

Question 9

A test format could be normative or ipsative. In the normative
format

a. each item depends on the item before it.
b. each item depends on the item after it.
c. the client must possess an IQ within the normal range.
d. each item is independent of all other items.

Answer 9

d. each item is independent of all other items.

Question 10

A client who takes a normative test

a. cannot legitimately be compared to others who have taken
the test.
b. can legitimately be compared to others who have taken
the test.
c. could not have taken an IQ test.
d. could not have taken a personality test.

Answer 10

b. can legitimately be compared to others who have taken

the test.

Question 11

In an ipsative measure the person taking the test must compare
items to one another. The result is that

a. an ipsative measure cannot be utilized for career guidance.
b. you cannot legitimately compare two or more people who
have taken an ipsative test.
c. an ipsative measure is never valid.
d. an ipsative measure is never reliable.

Answer 11

b. you cannot legitimately compare two or more people who have taken an ipsative test.

Question 12

Tests are often classified as speed tests versus power tests. A
timed typing test used to hire secretaries would be

a. a power test.
b. neither a speed test nor a power test.
c. a speed test.
d. a fine example of an ipsative measure.

Answer 12

c. a speed test.

Question 13

A counseling test consists of 300 forced response items. The person
taking the test can take as long as he or she wants to answer
the questions.

a. This is most likely a projective measure.
b. This is most likely a speed test.
c. This is most likely a power test.
d. This is most likely an invalid measure.

Answer 13

c. This is most likely a power test.

Question 14

An achievement test measures maximum performance while a
personality test or interest inventory measures

a. typical performance.
b. minimum performance.
c. unconscious traits.
d. self-esteem by always relying on a Q-Sort design.

Answer 14

a. typical performance.

Question 15

In a spiral test

a. the items get progressively easier.
b. the diffi culty of the items remains constant.
c. the client must answer each question in a specified period
of time.
d. the items get progressively more difficult.

Answer 15

d. the items get progressively more difficult.

Question 16

In a cyclical test

a. the items get progressively easier.
b. the diffi culty of the items remains constant.
c. you have several sections which are spiral in nature.
d. the client must answer each question in a specifi ed period
of time.

Answer 16

c. you have several sections which are spiral in nature.

Question 17

A test battery is considered

a. a horizontal test.
b. a vertical test.
c. a valid test.
d. a reliable test.

Answer 17

a. a horizontal test.

Question 18

In a counseling research study two groups of subjects took a test
with the same name. However, when they talked with each other
they discovered that the questions were different. The researcher
assured both groups that they were given the same test. How
is this possible?

a. The researcher is not telling the truth. The groups could
not possibly have taken the same test.
b. The test was horizontal.
c. The test was not a power test.
d. The researcher gave parallel forms of the same test.

Answer 18

d. The researcher gave parallel forms of the same test.

Question 19

The most critical factors in test selection are

a. the length of the test and the number of people who took
the test in the norming process.
b. horizontal versus vertical.
c. validity and reliability.
d. spiral versus cyclical format.

Answer 19

c. validity and reliability.

Question 20

Which is more important, validity or reliability?

a. Reliability.
b. They are equally important.
c. Validity.
d. It depends on the test in question.

Answer 20

c. Validity.

Question 21

In the field of testing, validity refers to

a. whether the test really measures what it purports to measure.
b. whether the same test gives consistent measurement.
c. the degree of cultural bias in a test.
d. the fact that numerous tests measure the same traits.

Answer 21

a. whether the test really measures what it purports to measure.

Question 22

A counselor peruses a testing catalog in search of a test which
will repeatedly give consistent results. The counselor

a. is interested in reliability.
b. is interested in validity.
c. is looking for information which is not available.
d. is magnifying an unimportant issue.

Answer 22

a. is interested in reliability.

Question 23

Which measure would yield the highest level of reliability?

a. A TAT, projective test popular with psychodynamic helpers.
b. The WAIS-III, a popular IQ test.
c. The MMPI-2, a popular personality test.
d. A very accurate scale.

Answer 23

d. A very accurate scale.

Question 24

Construct validity refers to the extent that a test measures an
abstract trait or psychological notion. An example would be

a. height.
b. weight.
c. ego strength.
d. the ability to name all men who have served as U.S. presidents.

Answer 24

c. ego strength.

Question 25

Face validity refers to the extent that a test

a. looks or appears to measure the intended attribute.
b. measures a theoretical construct.
c. appears to be constructed in an artistic fashion.
d. can be compared to job performance.

Answer 25

a. looks or appears to measure the intended attribute.

Question 26

A job test which predicted future performance on a job very well
would

a. have high criterion/predictive validity.
b. have excellent face validity.
c. have excellent construct validity.
d. not have incremental validity or synthetic validity.

Answer 26

a. have high criterion/predictive validity.

Question 27

A new IQ test which yielded results nearly identical to other
standardized measures would be said to have

a. good concurrent validity.
b. good face validity.
c. superb internal consistency.
d. all of the above.

Answer 27

a. good concurrent validity.

Question 28

When a counselor tells a client that the Graduate Record Examination
(GRE) will predict her ability to handle graduate work,
the counselor is referring to

a. good concurrent validity.
b. construct validity.
c. face validity.
d. predictive validity.

Answer 28

d. predictive validity.

Question 29

A reliable test is _______ valid.

a. always.
b. 90%.
c. not always.
d. 80%.

Answer 29

c. not always.

Question 30

A valid test is _______ reliable.

a. not always.
b. always.
c. never.
d. 80%.

Answer 30

b. always.

Question 31

One method of testing reliability is to give the same test to the same group of people two times and then correlate the scores. This is called

a. test–retest reliability.
b. equivalent forms reliability.
c. alternate forms reliability.
d. the split-half method.

Answer 31

a. test–retest reliability.

Question 32

One method of testing reliability is to give the same population
alternate forms of the identical test. Each form will have the
same psychometric/statistical properties as the original instrument.
This is known as
a. test–retest reliability.
b. equivalent or alternate forms reliability.
c. the split-half method.
d. internal consistency.

Answer 32

b. equivalent or alternate forms reliability.

Question 33

A counselor doing research decided to split a standardized test in half by using the even items as one test and the odd items as a
second test and then correlating them. The counselor

a. used an invalid procedure to test reliability.
b. was testing reliability via the split-half method.
c. was testing reliability via the equivalent forms method.
d. was testing reliability via the inter-rater method.

Answer 33

b. was testing reliability via the split-half method.

Question 34

Which method of reliability testing would be useful with an essay
test but not with a test of algebra problems?

a. test–retest.
b. alternate forms.
c. split-half.
d. interrater/interobserver.

Answer 34

d. interrater/interobserver.

Question 35

A reliability coefficient of 1.00 indicates

a. a lot of variance in the test.
b. a score with a high level of error.
c. a perfect score which has no error.
d. a typical correlation on most psychological and counseling
tests.

Answer 35

c. a perfect score which has no error.

Question 36

An excellent psychological or counseling test would have a reliability
coefficient of

a. 50.
b. .90.
c. 1.00.
d. −.90.

Answer 36

b. .90.

Question 37

A researcher working with a personality test discovers that the
test has a reliability coefficient of .70 which is somewhat typical.
This indicates that

a. 70% of the score is accurate while 30% is inaccurate.
b. 30% of the people who are tested will receive accurate
scores.
c. 70% of the people who are tested will receive accurate
scores.
d. 30% of the score is accurate while 70% is inaccurate.

Answer 37

a. 70% of the score is accurate while 30% is inaccurate.

Question 38

A career counselor is using a test for job selection purposes. An acceptable reliability coefficient would be _______ or higher.

a. .20.
b. .55.
c. .80.
d. .70.

Answer 38

c. .80.

Question 39

The same test is given to the same group of people using the
test–retest reliability method. The correlation between the fi rst
and second administration is .70. The true variance (i.e., the percentage
of shared variance or the level of the same thing measured
in both) is

a. 70%.
b. 100%.
c. 50%.
d. 49%.

Answer 39

d. 49%.

Question 40

IQ means

a. a query of intelligence.
b. indication of intelligence.
c. intelligence quotient.
d. intelligence questions for test construction.

Answer 40

c. intelligence quotient.

Question 41

_______ did research and concluded that intelligence was normally
distributed like height or weight and that it was primarily
genetic.

a. Spearman.
b. Guilford.
c. Williamson.
d. Francis Galton.

Answer 41

d. Francis Galton.

Question 42

Francis Galton felt intelligence was

a. a unitary faculty.
b. best explained via a two factor theory.
c. best explained via the person’s environment.
d. fl\ uid and crystallized in nature.

Answer 42

a. a unitary faculty.

Question 43

J. P. Guilford isolated 120 factors which added up to intelligence.
He also is remembered for his

a. thoughts on convergent and divergent thinking.
b. work on cognitive therapy.
c. work on behavior therapy.
d. work to create the first standardized IQ test.

Answer 43

a. thoughts on convergent and divergent thinking.

Question 44

A counselor is told by his supervisor to measure the internal consistency
reliability (i.e., homogeneity) of a test but not to divide
the test in halves. The counselor would need to utilize

a. the split-half method.
b. the test–retest method.
c. the Kuder-Richardson coeffi cients of equivalence.
d. cross-validation.

Answer 44

c. the Kuder-Richardson coeffi cients of equivalence.

Question 45

The first intelligence test was created by

a. David Wechsler.
b. J. P. Guilford.
c. Francis Galton.
d. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon.

Answer 45

d. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon.

Question 46

Today, the Stanford-Binet IQ test is

a. a nonstandardized measure.
b. a standardized measure.
c. a projective measure.
d. b and c.

Answer 46

b. a standardized measure.

Question 47

IQ stands for intelligence quotient, which is expressed by

a. CA/MA × 100.
b. CA/MA × 100.
c. MA/CA × 50.
d. MA/CA × 100.

Answer 47

d. MA/CA × 100.

Question 48

The Binet stressed age-related tasks. Utilizing this method, a 9-
year-old task would be one which

a. only a 10-year-old child could answer.
b. only an 8-year-old child could answer.
c. 50% of the 9-year-olds could answer correctly.
d. 75% of the 9-year-olds could answer correctly.

Answer 48

c. 50% of the 9-year-olds could answer correctly.

Question 49

Simon and Binet pioneered the first IQ test around 1905. The test was created to

a. assess high school seniors in America.
b. assess U.S. military recruits.
c. discriminate normal from retarded Parisian children.
d. measure genius in the college population.

Answer 49

c. discriminate normal from retarded Parisian children.

Question 50

Today the Stanford-Binet is used from ages 2 to adulthood. The
IQ formula has been replaced by the

a. SAS.
b. SUDS.
c. entropy.
d. ACPA.

Answer 50

a. SAS.

Question 51

Most experts would agree that the Wechsler IQ tests gained
popularity, as the Binet

a. must be administered in a group.
b. favored the geriatric population.
c. didn’t seem to be the best test for adults.
d. was biased toward women.

Answer 51

c. didn’t seem to be the best test for adults.

Question 52

The best IQ test for a 22-year-old single male would be the

a. WPPSI-III.
b. WAIS-III.
c. WISC-IV.
d. Computer-based testing.

Answer 52

b. WAIS-III.

Question 53

The best intelligence test for a sixth-grade girl would be the

a. WPPSI-III.
b. WAIS-III.
c. WISC-IV.
d. Merrill-Palmer.

Answer 53

c. WISC-IV.

Question 54

The best intelligence test for a kindergartner would be the

a. WPPSI-III.
b. WAIS-III.
c. WISC-IV.
d. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Answer 54

a. WPPSI-III.

Question 55

The mean on the Wechsler and the Binet is _______ and the
standard deviation is _______.

a. 100; 100.
b. 100; 15 Wechsler, 16 Stanford-Binet.
c. 100; 20.
d. 100; 1.

Answer 55

b. 100; 15 Wechsler, 16 Stanford Binet

Question 56

Group IQ tests like the Otis Lennon, the Lorge-Thorndike, and
the California Test of Mental Abilities are popular in school settings.
The advantage is that

a. group tests are quicker to administer.
b. group tests are superior in terms of predicting school performance.
c. group tests always have a higher degree of reliability.
d. individual IQ tests are not appropriate for school children.

Answer 56

a. group tests are quicker to administer.

Question 57

The group IQ test movement began

a. in 1905.
b. with the work of Binet.
c. with the Army Alpha and Army Beta in World War I.
d. with the AGCT in World War II.

Answer 57

c. with the Army Alpha and Army Beta in World War I.

Question 58

In a culture-fair test

a. items are known to the subject regardless of his or her
culture.
b. the test is not standardized.
c. culture-free items cannot be utilized.
d. African Americans generally score higher than Whites.

Answer 58

a. items are known to the subject regardless of his or her culture.

Question 59

The Black versus White IQ controversy was sparked mainly by a
1969 article written by _______.

a. John Ertl.
b. Raymond B. Cattell.
c. Arthur Jensen.
d. Robert Williams

Answer 59

c. Arthur Jensen.

Question 60

The MMPI-2 is

a. an IQ test.
b. a neurological test.
c. a projective personality test.
d. a standardized personality test.

Answer 60

d. a standardized personality test.

Question 61

The word psychometric means

a. a form of measurement used by a neurologist.
b. any form of mental testing.
c. a mental trait which cannot be measured.
d. the test relies on a summated or linear rating scale.

Answer 61

b. any form of mental testing.

Question 62

In a projective test the client is shown

a. something which is highly reinforcing.
b. something which is highly charged from an emotional
standpoint.
c. a and b.
d. neutral stimuli.

Answer 62

d. neutral stimuli.

Question 63

The 16 PF reflects the work of

a. Raymond B. Cattell.
b. Carl Jung.
c. James McKeen Cattell.
d. Oscar K. Buros.

Answer 63

a. Raymond B. Cattell.

Question 64

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator reflects the work of

a. Raymond B. Cattell.
b. Carl Jung.
c. William Glasser.
d. Oscar K. Buros.

Answer 64

b. Carl Jung.

Question 65

The counselor who favors projective measures would most likely be a

a. Rogerian.
b. strict behaviorist.
c. TA therapist.
d. psychodynamic clinician.

Answer 65

d. psychodynamic clinician.

Question 66

An aptitude test is to _______ as an achievement test is to _______.

a. what has been learned; potential.
b. potential; what has been learned.
c. profit from learning; potential.
d. a measurement of current skills; potential.

Answer 66

b. potential; what has been learned.

Question 67

Both the Rorschach and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
are projective tests. The Rorschach uses 10 inkblot cards while
the TAT uses

a. a dozen inkblot cards.
b. verbal and performance IQ scales.
c. pictures.
d. incomplete sentences.

Answer 67

c. pictures.

Question 68

Test bias primarily results from

a. a test being normed solely on White middle-class clients.
b. the use of projective measures.
c. using Whites to score the test.
d. using IQ rather than personality tests.

Answer 68

a. a test being normed solely on White middle-class clients.

Question 69

A counselor who fears the client has an organic, neurological, or motoric difficulty would most likely use the

a. Bender Gestalt.
b. Rorschach.
c. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
d. Thematic Apperception Test.

Answer 69

a. Bender Gestalt.

Question 70

An interest inventory would be least valid when used with

a. a first-year college student majoring in philosophy.
b. a third-year college student majoring in physics.
c. an eighth-grade male with an IQ of 136.
d. a 46-year-old White male construction worker.

Answer 70

c. an eighth-grade male with an IQ of 136.

Question 71

One major criticism of interest inventories is that

a. they have far too many questions.
b. they are most appropriate for very young children.
c. they emphasize professional positions and minimize bluecollar
jobs.
d. they favor female pursuits.

Answer 71

c. they emphasize professional positions and minimize bluecollar
jobs.

Question 72

Interest inventories are positive in the sense that

a. they are reliable and not threatening to the test taker.
b. they are always graded by the test taker.
c. they require little or no reading skills.
d. they have high validity in nearly all age brackets.

Answer 72

a. they are reliable and not threatening to the test taker.

Question 73

A counselor who had an interest primarily in testing would most
likely be a member of

a. ASGW.
b. AMECD.
c. NASW.
d. AHEAD.

Answer 73

b. AMECD.

Question 74

The NCE is

a. an intelligence test.
b. an aptitude test.
c. a personality test.
d. an achievement test.

Answer 74

d. an achievement test.

Question 75

The _______ are examples of aptitude tests.

a. GATB, the O*NET Ability Profi ler, and the MCAT.
b. GZTS and the MMPI.
c. CPI and the MMPI.
d. Strong and the LSAT.

Answer 75

a. GATB, the O*NET Ability Profi ler, and the MCAT.

Question 76

One problem with interest inventories is that the person often
tries to answer the questions in a socially acceptable manner.
Psychometricians call this response style phenomenon

a. standard error.
b. social desirability (the right way to feel in society).
c. cultural bias.
d. acquiescence.

Answer 76

b. social desirability (the right way to feel in society).

Question 77

An aptitude test predicts future behavior while an achievement
test measures what you have mastered or learned. In the case of
a test like _______ the distinction is unclear.

a. Binet.
b. Wechsler.
c. GRE.
d. Bender.

Answer 77

c. GRE.

Question 78

Your supervisor wants you to fi nd a new personality test for your
counseling agency. You should read

a. professional journals.
b. the Buros Mental Measurements Yearbook.
c. classic textbooks in the field as well as test materials produced
by the testing company.
d. all of the above.

Answer 78

d. all of the above.

Question 79

The standard error of measurement tells you

a. how accurate or inaccurate a test score is.
b. what population responds best to the test.
c. the accuracy for personality but not IQ tests.
d. the number of people used in norming the test.

Answer 79

a. how accurate or inaccurate a test score is.

Question 80

A new IQ test has a standard error of measurement of 3. Tom
scores 106 on the test. If he takes the test a lot, we can predict
that about 68% of the time

a. Tom will score between 100 and 103.
b. Tom will score between 100 and 106.
c. Tom will score between 103 and 109.
d. Tom will score higher than Betty who scored 139.

Answer 80

c. Tom will score between 103 and 109.

Question 81

A counselor created an achievement test with a reliability coefficient of .82. The test is shortened since many clients felt it was
too long. The counselor shortened the test but logically assumed
that the reliability coefficient would now

a. be approximately .88.
b. remain at .82.
c. be at least 10 points higher or lower.
d. be lower than .82.

Answer 81

d. be lower than .82.

Question 82

A counselor can utilize psychological tests to help secure a _______ diagnosis if third party payments are necessary.

a. AACD.
b. DSM or ICD.
c. percentile.
d. standard error.

Answer 82

b. DSM or ICD.

Question 83

A colleague of yours invents a new projective test. Seventeen
counselors rated the same client using the measure and came up
with nearly identical assessments. This would indicate

a. high validity.
b. high reliability.
c. excellent norming studies.
d. culture fairness.

Answer 83

b. high reliability.

Question 84

Counselors often shy away from self-reports since

a. clients often give inaccurate answers.
b. ACA ethics do not allow them.
c. clients need a very high IQ to understand them.
d. they are generally very lengthy.

Answer 84

a. clients often give inaccurate answers.

Question 85

In most instances, who would be the best qualifi ed to give the
Rorschach Inkblot Test?

a. A counselor with NCC, NCCC after his or her name.
b. A clinical psychologist.
c. A D.O. psychiatrist.
d. A social worker with ACSW after his or her name.

Answer 85

b. A clinical psychologist.

Question 86

Your client, who is in an outpatient hospital program, is keeping
a journal of irrational thoughts. This would be

a. an unethical practice based on NBCC ethical guidelines.
b. considered a standardized test.
c. an informal assessment technique.
d. an aptitude measure.

Answer 86

c. an informal assessment technique.

Question 87

You are uncertain whether a test is intended for the population
served by your not-for-profi t agency. The best method of researching
this dilemma would be to

a. contact a local APA clinical psychology graduate program.
b. make a long distance call to the person who created the
test.
c. read the test manual included with the test.
d. give the test to six or more clients at random.

Answer 87

c. read the test manual included with the test.

Question 88

Clients should know that

a. validity is more important than reliability.
b. projective tests favor psychodynamic theory.
c. face validity is not that important.
d. a test is merely a single source of data and not infallible.

Answer 88

d. a test is merely a single source of data and not infallible.

Question 89

One major testing trend is

a. computer-assisted testing and computer interpretations.
b. more paper and pencil measures.
c. to give school children at least three IQ tests per year.
d. to train pastoral counselors to do projective testing.

Answer 89

a. computer-assisted testing and computer interpretations.

Question 90

One future trend which seems contradictory is that some experts
are pushing for

a. a greater reliance on tests while others want to rely on
them less.
b. social workers to do most of the testing.
c. psychiatrists to do most of the testing.
d. counselors to ban all computer-assisted tests.

Answer 90

a. a greater reliance on tests while others want to rely on

them less.

Question 91

Most counselors would agree that

a. more preschool IQ testing is necessary.
b. teachers need to give more personality tests.
c. more public education is needed in the area of testing.
d. the testing mystique has been beneficial to the general
public.

Answer 91

c. more public education is needed in the area of testing.

Question 92

_______ would be an informal method of appraisal.

a. IQ testing.
b. Standardized personality testing.
c. GRE scores.
d. A checklist.

Answer 92

d. A checklist.

Question 93

The WAIS-III is given to 100,000 individuals in the United States
who are picked at random. A counselor would expect that

a. approximately 68% would score between 85 and 115.
b. approximately 68% would score between 70 and 130.
c. the mean IQ would be 112.
d. 50% of those tested would score 112 or above.

Answer 93

a. approximately 68% would score between 85 and 115.

Question 94

A word association test would be an example of

a. a neuropsychological test.
b. a motoric test.
c. an achievement test.
d. a projective test.

Answer 94

d. a projective test.

Question 95

Infant IQ tests are

a. more reliable than those given later in life.
b. more unreliable than those given later in life.
c. not related to learning experiences.
d. never used.

Answer 95

b. more unreliable than those given later in life.

Question 96

A good practice for counselors is to

a. always test the client yourself rather than referring the
client for testing.
b. never generalize on the basis of a single test score.
c. stay away from culture-free tests.
d. stay away from scoring the test yourself.

Answer 96

b. never generalize on the basis of a single test score.

Question 97

You want to admit only 25% of all counselors to an advanced
training program in psychodynamic group therapy. The item diffi
culty on the entrance exam for applicants would be best set at

a. 0.0.
b. .5 regardless of the admission requirement.
c. 1.0.
d. .25.

Answer 97

d. .25.

Question 98

According to Public Law 93–380, also known as the Buckley
Amendment, a 19-year-old college student attending college

a. could view her record, which included test data.
b. could view her daughter’s infant IQ test given at preschool.
c. could demand a correction she discovered while reading
a file.
d. all of the above.

Answer 98

d. all of the above.

Question 99

Lewis Terman

a. constructed the Wechsler tests.
b. constructed the initial Binet prior to 1910.
c. constructed the Rorschach.
d. Americanized the Binet.

Answer 99

d. Americanized the Binet.

Question 100

In constructing a test you notice that all 75 people correctly answered
item number 12. This gives you an item difficulty of

a. 1.2.
b. .75.
c. 1.0.
d. 0.0.

Answer 100

c. 1.0.