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year 1 > embryology/public health/ethics/general > Flashcards

embryology/public health/ethics/general Flashcards

1
Q

what is gametogenesis

A

formation of the germ cells (gametes)

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2
Q

what is fertilisation

A

the union of the sperm and oocyte to form a zygote (single celled embryo)

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3
Q

what is the name of the earliest cell division of an embryo
period of rapid cell division
body axes formed

A

cleavage

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4
Q

when are the germ layers formed

ecto, meso, endo

A

gastrulation

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5
Q

what is morphogenesis

A

formation of the body plan

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6
Q

what is organogenesis

A

development of the organs and organ systems (continues to develop during foetal period)

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7
Q

what is incidence

A

number of new cases of a disease in a population

number of people with risk of developing the disease in the same population

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8
Q

what is prevalence

A

number of people that currently have a specific disease in a population
number of people at risk of having a disease in the same population

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9
Q

what are 3 occasions that a doctor can break confidentiality

A

when asked to do so via court order
to a police officer when a patient tells you they have committed a violent crime
to a parent of a minor refusing life-saving treatment

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10
Q

what is autonomy

A

respecting the patient’s decisions

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11
Q

what is non-maleficence

A

do no harm

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12
Q

what is deontology

A

duty-based ethics
follow obligations of patient/NHS
Consequences don’t influence whether it is right or wrong

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13
Q

what are virtue ethics

A

opposite of deontology - following own morals
Aristotle’s argument of what a good person is
e.g. health care professionals have a right to refuse to participate in treatment if it is against their beliefs but have a duty of care to patient which includes referring them to a colleague

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14
Q

what is beneficence

A

acting in the best interest of the patient
e.g. making a decision for the patient when they no longer have the capacity to do so/understand that treatment is needed

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15
Q

what is utilitarianism

A

the needs of many

act is right if it benefits the greatest number of people

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16
Q

what is justice

A

treating patients equally

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17
Q

what is consquentialism

A

choice based on consequence

consequences determine if the act is right or wrong

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18
Q

what are the 4 principles of beauchamp and childress?

A

beneficence
non-maleficence
autonomy
justice

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19
Q

what is communitarianism

A

is the act good for everyone that will be affected by the act?

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20
Q

what is the religious argument

A

sanctity of life - life shouldn’t be tampered with

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21
Q

what kinds of food reduce risk of CRC

A

fibre
fruit and veg
wholegrain, beans, lentils

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22
Q

how much fibre should you eat a day

A

teenagers - around 25 grams a day

adults - around 30 grams a day

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23
Q

what else reduces risk of CRC

A

exercise

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24
Q

how much exercise should you do

A

150 mins moderate per week

75 mins vigorous per week

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25
Q

give 5 things that increase the risk of GI cancer

A 
red meat
processed meat
smoking
alcohol
obesity
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26
Q

how much red meat should you have a day

A

70g

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27
Q

give 2 things that increase the risk of oesophageal cancer

A

obesity

alcohol consumption

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28
Q

what can increase the risk of gastric cancer

A

salt intake

no more 6g a day

29
Q

how often should 50-75 year olds get screened for bowel cancer

A

every 2 years

30
Q

what kind of diet helps to improve symptoms of IBS

A

low FODMAP diet

31
Q

what is meant by the sensitivity of a test

A

proportion of those with the disease who are correctly identified by a positive test

32
Q

what is meant by the specificity of a test

A

proportion of those without the disease who are correctly identified with a negative result

33
Q

what is meant by ‘positive predictive value’

A

true positives

proportion of those who test positive who actually have the disease

34
Q

what is meant by ‘negative predictive value’

A

true negatives

proportion of those who test negative who don’t have the disease

35
Q

what is meant by the yield of a test

A

the number of previously undiagnosed people who are diagnosed with a disease by a screening programme

36
Q

what is the biomedical model

A

the body as a machine

does not take into account the patient

37
Q

what is the biopsychosocial model

A

integrating disease and patient factors (includes that which is not in the biomedical model)

38
Q

what is epidemiology

A

study of frequency, distribution and determinants of a disease in a population

39
Q

what is the epidemiological triangle

A

vector - food - environment

40
Q

what is primary prevention

A

stopping a disease before it starts

41
Q

what is secondary prevention

A

stopping a disease getting worse

42
Q

what is penetrance

A

proportion of individuals carrying a particular variant of a gene (allele or genotype) that also expresses an associated trait (phenotype)

43
Q

what is a randomised control study

A

participants randomly allocated to intervention or control group
practical or ethical problems may limit the use

44
Q

what is a cohort study

A

observational and prospective
2 or more are selected according to their exposure to a particular agent and followed up to see how many develop a disease or other outcome
e.g. Framingham Heart Study

45
Q

what is a case-control study

A

observational and retrospective
patients with a particular condition are identified and matched with controls
data is then collected on past exposure to a possible causal agent for the condition

46
Q

what is a cross-sectional survey

A

provides a ‘snapshot’
sometimes called a prevalence study
provides weak evidence of cause and effect

47
Q

what type of cause of disease is nosocomial

A

acquired in a hospital

48
Q

what type of cause of disease is iatrogenic

A

result of diagnostic/therapeutic treatments

e.g. in surgery, drug interactions

49
Q

what type of cause of disease is inherited

A

genes passed from parent to child

50
Q

what type of cause of disease is carcinogenic

A

formation of a cancer

51
Q

what measurement is used to estimate BMI

A

mid upper arm circumference

52
Q

what measurement is used to estimate upper extremity muscle strength

A

handgrip dynamometry

53
Q

what measurement is used to estimate total body fat

A

triceps skinfold thickness

54
Q

what measure is used to estimate height

A

ulna length

55
Q

what measure is used to estimate central obesity

A

waist circumference

56
Q

what goes in the blue bag

A

confidential waste

57
Q

what does in the semiclear red bag

A

soiled laundry

58
Q

what goes in the yellow bag

A

theatre/anatomy clinical waste e.g. amputated digits

59
Q

what goes in the yellow sharps bin with the blue lid

A

medication vials with residual medicine

60
Q

what goes in the yellow sharps bin with the red lid

A

needles, syringes, other sharps

61
Q

what is human factors

A

sometimes referred to as non-technical skills

social and cognitive skills that support and underpin performance of physical and technical skills

62
Q

what are technical skills

A

general practical procedures

63
Q

what does E in ABCDE stand for

A

evidence
exposure
environment

64
Q

what goes in the orange bag

A

non-sharp clinical waste

e.g. used IV drip tubing

65
Q

what goes in the black bag

A

paper towels

empty medication blister packs

66
Q

what is gastrulation

A

migration of cells through the premature streak to form the germ layers

67
Q

in what case can you break confidentiality to a police officer

A

court order in place

or you strongly suspect there is a risk to the public

68
Q

when referring a patient to another doctor and the patient asks you to omit part of their history should you?

A

comply with their wishes provided that what they are asking you to omit isn’t relevant to current treatment

69
Q

can a minor refuse life saving treatment?

do you have the right to tell their legal guardian?

A

yes if they fully comprehend the treatment being offered and they are competent
if a minor refuses treatment the doctor can inform parent/;era guardian

year 1 (45 decks)

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