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GCSE Biology > March Mock Quick Revision > Flashcards

March Mock Quick Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Few drops of iodine solution

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2
Q

What is the test for reducing sugars (glucose)?

A
  • add equal volume of Benedict’s solution and mix

- heat in a 95˚C water bath for few minutes

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3
Q

What is the test for proteins?

A

Biuret Test

  • add equal volume of 0.1mol/dm^3 potassium hydroxide solution and mix
  • add few drops of 0.01mol/dm^3 copper sulfate solution and mix
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4
Q

What is the test for fats/ lipids?

A
  • add equal volume of ethanol, and shake thoroughly

- add water

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5
Q

What is a positive test for starch (iodine solution)?

A

Yellow/ orange —> blue/ black

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6
Q

What is a positive test for reducing sugars (glucose) (Benedict’s test)?

A

Blue —> green —> orange —> red (depending on how much sugar present)

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7
Q

What is a positive test for protein (biuret test)?

A

Pale blue —> pale purple

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8
Q

What is a positive test for fats (lipids) (ethanol emulsion test)?

A

Clear —> cloudy

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9
Q

What is Fick’s Law?

A

Rate of diffusion ∝ (surface area x concentration difference) / thickness of membrane

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10
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The movement of water through and out of the plant (xylem)

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11
Q

What is translocation?

A

The movement of sugars and other chemicals/ sap (amino acids, sucrose, water) - (assimilates) made by the plant cells along the phloem (direction depends on time of year)

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12
Q

Which direction does translocation occur (dependent on time of year)

A

Down in summer

Up in spring

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13
Q

What is the main assimilate in translocation?

A

Sucrose - plant makes glucose but turns it into sucrose

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14
Q

What waterproofs the xylem?

A

Lignin

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15
Q

What is in between the phloem cells?

A

Sieve tube elements - porous cell walls so nutrients (cell sap) can flow between them

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16
Q

What is a source and sink?

A

Sugars (in phloem tubes) move from a source to a sink.
Source - where sucrose is released into the phloem (where it is made)
Sink - where sucrose is removed / used up from the phloem (where it is used)

17
Q

How are companion cells adapted to their function (in phloem)?

A

Lots of mitochondria

18
Q

What can be used to measure transpiration?

A

Potometer (rate is the speed the bubble moves across the tube)

19
Q

How does water get from the soil to the roots?

A

Through osmosis (root hair cells —> enlarge SA + cellulose in cell walls help absorb water)

20
Q

What is significant about the spongy mesophyll layer?

A

It has lots of gaps so carbon dioxide can easily diffuse through

21
Q

Where are the stomata?

A

In the lower epidermis layer

22
Q

Where does most photosynthesis occur?

A

Palisade mesophyll - palisade cells contain lots of chloroplasts

23
Q

What is significant about the upper epidermis?

A

The epidermal tissue is almost transparent to let light in for photosynthesis

24
Q

How does a leaf reduce water loss?

A
  • waxy cuticle on top (thin layer of lipids)

- keep stomata open for as little time possible (guard cells)

25
Q

Describe guard cells

A

Lots of water - guard cells become turgid - open gap
Not a lot of water - guard cells become flaccid - close gap

Sensitive to light - close at night (no photosynthesis)

On bottom of leaf - more shade - cooler - less evaporation

26
Q

Where is meristem tissue found?

A

Tips of roots and shoots

27
Q

What is cardiac output measured in?

A

Cm^3 / min

28
Q

Cardiac output (cm^3/min) =

A

Stroke volume (cm^3/beat) x heart rate (beat/min)

29
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood pushed into aorta in each beat

30
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood pumped by ventricle per unit time

31
Q

Name features of the alveoli that make the exchange of gases as effective as possible?

A
  • one cell thick membrane (shorter diffusion distance)
  • large cross-sectional surface area
  • constant flow of air (+ blood) maintains concentration gradient
  • moist walls - allows gases to dissolve
32
Q

What are the excretory organs?

A

Lungs + kidneys

33
Q

How does blood enter + leave the kidneys?

A

In - renal artery

Out - renal vein

34
Q

Where are the nephrons?

A

Medulla

35
Q

What part of kidney contains blood that’s yet to be filtered?

A

Cortex

36
Q

How do molecules cross the filter (Bowman’s capsule)?

A

Diffusion

37
Q

What is the pipe that takes urine from the kidney to the bladder?

A

Ureter

38
Q

What makes urea and how?

A

Proteins —> amino acids —> broken down by liver in deamination —> urea

39
Q

What is the pipe that urine travels through?

A

Urethra

GCSE Biology (52 decks)

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