Cancer Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

cancer is the __ leading cause of death from the environment

A

4th

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2
Q

10 cancer prevention recommendations

A

read

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3
Q

t/f obesity is on its way to replacing tobacco as the number 1 preventable cause of cancer

A

true, esp for esophageal and endometrial ca

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4
Q

mechanisms linking obesity and cancer

A
  • increased insulin and insulin like growth factor
  • chronic low level or subacute inflammation
  • high estrogen from fat tissue
  • tumor growth regulators
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5
Q

effects of physical activity

A
  • improves insulin sensitivity and reduces fasting insulin levels
  • reduces circulating estrogen
  • immunomodulatory effects
  • decrease oxidative stress and enhance dna repair
  • regulated hormones
  • speeds food through colon
  • prevents buildup of body fat
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6
Q

physical activity reduces the risk for ___

A

post-menopausal breast ca, crc, endometrial ca

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7
Q

protective effects of whole grains/ high fiber diets

A
  • increased stool bulk and decreased transit time = decreased exposure of mucosa to putative offenders
  • fibers bind carcinogens to protect
  • maintain gut health to support immune system
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8
Q

fruits and vegetables are sources of ___

A

vitamins, phenols, and flavinoids

  • inhibit carcinogen activating enzymes and dna damage
  • have potentially bioactivie phytochemicals
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9
Q

vitamins that support immunity and health

A
  • selenium
  • vitamin d3
  • omega 3 fa
  • coq10
  • vit b complex
  • vit a c e
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10
Q

goals for diet re: whole foods

A
  • at least 30 g of fiber per day
  • wholegrain food
  • at least 5 portions of sevings (400g) of non-starchy vegetables and fruit
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11
Q

pathophysio of eating fast food

A
  • high fat intake increases the level of bile acids in the gut, modifies intestinal flora, favoring microaerophilic bacteria that increases gut inflammation
  • bile acids / bile acid metabolites can be carcinogens
  • high in saturated fat and directly stimulate tlr4 activation, releasing cytokines that cause gut inflammation and dysbiosis
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12
Q

pathophysio of consuming processed meat

A
  • increased risk for crc (nitrites)

- high salt content = damage to stomach mucosal lining = inflammation, atrophy, and h pylori colonization

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13
Q

pathophysio in consuming red meat

A
  • forms n-nitroso compounds and lipid peroxidation = CRC
  • hemoglobin -> noc -> damage gut lining and cause dna mutations
  • high temps -> heterocyclinc amines -> damage gut
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14
Q

processing method and mechanisms of increasing ca risk

A

table 2

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15
Q

goals and recommendations re: red meat

A
  • moderate red meat
  • very little if any processed meat
  • no more than 3 potions per week (350-500 g cooked)
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16
Q

pathophysio of eating sugar

A
  • chronic excess intake -> excess production of insulin and igf -> encourages cellular (tumor) growth
  • increases bod fat = increased risk for common cancers
17
Q

t/f sugar feeds cancer cells

A

false, its about taking a lot of sugar

18
Q

direct and indirect effects of hyperglycemia

A

direct: increase dna mutations, increase tumor survival, increase proliferation, increase invasion and migration of cancer cells
indirect: excess production of hormones like insulin and igf that promote cell growth

19
Q

behaviors that increase insulin levels

A
  • consumption of refined sugar and flour
  • overeating
  • weight gain
  • sedentary lifestyle
20
Q

behaviors that reduce insulin levels

A
  • physical activity
  • weight loss
  • unrefined carbs
21
Q

t/f you can replace sugar with low calorie sweeteners rather than healthy options

A

false, should just drink water

22
Q

t/f there is no strong evidence that sweeteners are linked to cancer risk in humans

A

true

23
Q

t/f artificial sweeteners have no effect on the gut biome

A

false, can change it and cause metabolic endotoxemia

24
Q

pathophysio of alcohol consumption

A
  • releases acetaldehyde which is carcinogenic to some cells
  • increased ros -> can induce oxidative stress -> genotoxic and carcinogenic
  • solvent for cellular penetration of dietary or environmental carcinogen
  • changes in hormone metabolism (inc estradiol)
25
Q

4 ways alcohol can cause cancer

A
  • damages cells
  • increases damage from tobacco
  • affects hormone linked to breast ca
  • breaks down into cancer causing chemicals
26
Q

t/f high dose beta carotene supplements may increase the risk of lung ca in current and former smokers

A

true, possible

27
Q

t/f high dose supplements have not been able to demonstrate protective effects of micronuterients on cancer risk

A

true, do not use supplements for cancer prevention

28
Q

when are supplements advisable

A
  • vitamin b12 >50 yo
  • iron and folic acid for pregnant
  • vitamin d for infants, young children, pregnant, breastfeeding
  • people with deficiencies