Cancer Staging and Classification Flashcards

1
Q

most important element of diagnosis / gold standard for diagnosing cancer

A

tissue biopsy

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2
Q

types of classification of cancer

A

primary site and histological type

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3
Q

histologic subtypes and tissue origin

A

carcinoma: epithelial tissues (breast, lungs, glands)
sarcoma: bone, muscle, cartilage, fat, fibrous tissue
leukemia: bone marrow
lymphoma: lymphatic system
melanoma: melanocytes
myeloma: plasma cells

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4
Q

most common histologic type

A

carcinoma, 80-90% of all cancer types

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5
Q

two main types of sarcoma

A

bone sarcoma (osteosarcoma)

soft tissue sarcoma (chondrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, angiosarcoma, hemangioendothelioma, lipoma)

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6
Q

lung cancer stages

A

stage 1: localized
stage 2: larger (>5 cm) or spread to local lymph nodes
stage 3: locally advanced
stage 4: advanced/metastatic

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7
Q

lung cancer stages treatments

A

stage 1: surgery +/- chemotherapy
stage 2: surgery +/- chemotherapy
stage 3: chemo and rad +/- surg
stage 4: chemo +/- palliative radiation

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8
Q

methods used for clinical staging

A
  • hx and pe
  • radiologic studiies
  • tumor markers
  • surgical and pathology reports
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9
Q

things to take note of in patho reports

A
  • size of tumor
  • depth of tumor
  • other signs of invasion (lymphovascular invasion, capsular infiltration)
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10
Q

different types of staging

A

clinical, pathologic, and post neo-adjuvant therapy staging

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11
Q

most commonly used staging system

A

tnm staging system

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12
Q

primary tumor staging

A
tx 
t0
tis carcinoma in situ
t1 less/= 2 cm
t2 >2cm but <5 cm
t3 >5 cm
t4 any size growing into the chest wall or skin
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13
Q

lymph node status

A

nx
n0
n1 1-3 axillary ln and/or tiny cancers in internal mammary ln on sentinel ln biopsy

n2 4-9 ancillary ln or enlarged internal mammary ln

n3 (5 indications)

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14
Q

metastases staging

A

mx
m0
m1 spread to distant organs

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15
Q

staging for small cell lung cancer

A

limited stage disease: ipsilateral hemithorax, all known disease can be encompassed in a single radiation port

extensive stage disease: disease in the contralateral hemithorax and distant metastasis

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16
Q

first well documented and tested staging system

A

duke staging for colorectal cancer

17
Q

duke staging for crc

A

a: tumor confined to mucosa
b1: growth into muscularis propria
b2: growth through the muscularis propria and serosa (full thickness)
c1: spread to 1-4 regional lymph nodes
c2: spread to more than 4 regional lymph nodes
d: distant metastases

18
Q

tnm vs dukes

A

a: t1n0m0 (stage 1)
b1: t2n0m0 (stage 1)
b2: t3n0m0 or t4n0m0 (stage 2)
c1: t1,t2 n1,n2 m0 (stage 3)
c2: t3,t4 n1,n2 m0 (stage 3)
d: any t, any n, m1 (stage 4)

19
Q

bclc staging system for hcc

A

read

20
Q

factors in okuda staging

A

tumor size >50% liver, ascites, albumin <3 g/dL, bilirubin >3 mg/dL

stage 1: no factors
stage 2: 1-2 factors
stage 3: 3-4 factors

21
Q

child turcotte pugh score

A

read

22
Q

hcc treatment basec on bclc stage

A

read