Chapter 6 - The Human Body Flashcards
A by-product of involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation is:
Select one:
A. lactic acid.
B. oxygen.
C. nitrogen.
D. heat.
D. heat.
Explanation:
Shivering is involuntary spasming (contractions) in an effort to generate heat to prevent hypothermia
A patient has a blood pressure of 130/70 mm Hg. The “130” in this measurement represents:
Select one:
A. ventricular contraction.
B. ventricular filling.
C. ventricular relaxation.
D. atrial contraction.
A. ventricular contraction.
Also known as systole.
A patient has a large accumulation of blood in the sac surrounding the heart. Which type of shock would this condition cause?
Select one:
A. Hypovolemic
B. Obstructive
C. Cardiogenic
D. Neurogenic
B. Obstructive
Explanation:
Obstructive shock is a form of shock associated with physical obstruction of the great vessels or the heart itself.
Examples:
Pulmonary embolism and cardiac tamponade are considered forms of obstructive shock.
Obstructive shock has much in common with cardiogenic shock, and the two are frequently grouped together.
Bile is produced by the liver and concentrated and stored in the:
Select one:
A. kidneys.
B. stomach.
C. gallbladder.
D. pancreas.
C. gallbladder.
If a patient’s chest barely moves during inhalation, even if the patient’s respiratory rate is normal, you should suspect that:
Select one:
A. inspiratory reserve is increased.
B. expiratory reserve volume is decreased.
C. overall tidal volume is increased.
D. minute volume is decreased.
D. minute volume is decreased.
Explanation
Minute ventilation (VE) is the total volume of air entering the lungs in a minute. The average minute ventilation is 6 litres per minute.
Tidal volume (TV) is the amount of air breathed in with each normal breath. The average tidal volume is 0.5 litres (500 ml).
Large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are generated when:
Select one:
A. carbon dioxide levels in the blood are high.
B. the cells function with adequate oxygen.
C. circulating blood glucose levels fall.
D. the cells function without oxygen.
B. the cells function with adequate oxygen.
Explanation:
Normal cells, under normal conditions, undergo Aerobic respiration, which is a metabolic pathway that requires oxygen. Cells break down glucose into pyruvate, to eventually form ATP while releasing carbon dioxide as a waste product.
- Anaerobic metabolism* at the cellular level occurs when oxygen transport and tissue oxygenation are compromised. This can be a result of hypoxemia, anemia, inadequate systemic blood flow, or a combination of these factors. The byproduct of which is Lactic Acid
- Anaerobic metabolism* is considerably less efficient than oxidative metabolism. A single glucose molecule generates only 2 ATP molecules while being metabolized to 2 pyruvate molecules via anaerobic glycolysis,
- Oxidative (Aerobic) metabolism* of the pyruvates via the tricarboxylic acid cycle yields 34 ATP.
Pathophysiology is the study of the functional changes that occur when the body reacts to a particular:
Select one:
A. protocol.
B. disease.
C. assessment.
D. medication.
B. disease.
Explanation
Pathos = Sad
Dis-Ease = Not at Ease (or suffering)
The ___________ is made up of the maxilla and zygoma, as well as the frontal bone of the cranium.
Select one:
A. orbit
B. sphenoid
C. occiput
D. mastoid
A. orbit (Eye Socket)
Explanation
B. sphenoid - A bone on the lateral side of the head
C. occiput - Back of the skull where the Foremen Magnum is located
D. mastoid - A process that is located just behind the ear
The ____________ is a muscular dome that forms the inferior boundary of the thorax, separating the thorax from the abdomen.
Select one:
A. diaphragm
B. costovertebral angle
C. costal arch
D. mediastinum
A. diaphragm
Explanation
B. costovertebral angle - Located on the thoracic region of the spine just below the last rib
C. costal arch - The costal margin, also known as the costal arch, is the lower edge of the chest (thorax) formed by the bottom edge of the rib cage.
D. mediastinum - The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the thymus, and lymph nodes but not the lungs.
The brain connects to the spinal cord through a large opening at the base of the skull called the:
Select one:
A. foramen ovale.
B. foramen magnum.
C. vertebral foramen.
D. spinous foramen.
B. foramen magnum.
The central nervous system is composed of the:
Select one:
A. spinal cord & sensory nerves.
B. brain & spinal cord.
C. brain & sensory nerves.
D. motor & sensory nerves.
B. brain & spinal cord.
The waste products of aerobic metabolism include:
Select one:
A. ATP & glucose.
B. uric acid & nitrogen.
C. carbon dioxide & water.
D. glucose & lactic acid.
C. carbon dioxide & water.
Urine is transported from the kidneys to the urinary bladder via the:
Select one:
A. urethra.
B. ureters.
C. prostate.
D. renal duct.
B. ureters.
Explanation
A. urethra - a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the urinary meatus for the removal of urine from the body of both females and males.
C. prostate - The prostate is a walnut-sized gland located between the bladder and the penis
D. renal duct - Renal collecting tubule, also called duct of Bellini, any of the long narrow tubes in the kidney that concentrate and transport urine from the nephrons
What happens when blood volume is lost from the body?
Select one:
A. The arteries contract to increase the blood pressure.
B. Widespread vasodilation causes blood pressure to decrease.
C. The veins dilate to increase systemic perfusion.
D. Arterial blood is diverted to the skin and muscles.
A. The arteries contract to increase the blood pressure.
What is the function of the fallopian tubes?
Select one:
A. To transport a mature egg to the uterus
B. To connect the ovaries
C. To supply blood to the uterine lining
D. To produce progesterone and estrogen
A. To transport a mature egg to the uterus
