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Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience EXAM > Week 11 Lecture > Flashcards

Week 11 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 types of attention?

A
  1. arousal/alertness
  2. vigilance/sustained attention
  3. selective attention
  4. divided attention
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2
Q

What is arousal mediated by?

A

the reticular activating system

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3
Q

What are 2 models of attention (2)

A
  1. voluntary attention
  2. reflexive attention
  3. overt attention
  4. covert attention
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4
Q

What is voluntary attention?

A

intentional, top down, goal directed, guided by knowledge, experience

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5
Q

What is reflexive attention?

A

attentional capture, bottom up, stimulus driven

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6
Q

What is top down processing?

A

knowledge driven

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7
Q

What is overt attention?

A

move, eyes, head body towards region of interest

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8
Q

What is covert attention?

A

attention to spatial locations independent of eye gaze

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9
Q

What is dichotic listening tasks?

A

attention to one ear leads to better encoding and loss or degradation of information from the unattended ear

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10
Q

What are are two exams of selective listening?

A
  1. cocktail party phenomenon

2. dichotic listening task

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11
Q

What is proposed in the Broadbent’s bottleneck theory?

A

early models which postulated early selection, selection prior to completion of perceptual analysis

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12
Q

What is late selection in early models proposed of attention?

A

says that selection occurs after some semantic encoding

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13
Q

What is Treisman’s attenuation theory (1969).

A

somewhat combines early and late selection models

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14
Q

What is unilateral spatial neglect?

A

neglect of one side of space following unilateral damage to cortical or subcortical areas (on the opposite side of the lesion)

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15
Q

Does unilateral spatial neglect usually improve over time?

A

yes

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16
Q

Unilateral spatial neglect patients general show what?

A

an eye movement bias towards unlesioned side

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17
Q

Can double dissociation occur both in imagined and real life objects?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Double disassociation can occur both in what?

A

object based, space based, real of imagined

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19
Q

What is extinction in unilateral spatial neglect lesioned patients?

A

failure to perceive or act on stimuli contralateral to lesions when simultaneously presented with stimulus ipsilateral to lesion

20
Q

What are the 3 main symptoms of Balint’s syndrome?

A
  1. inability to perceive more than an object at a time
  2. inability to reach in direction of an object under visual guidance
  3. inability to voluntarily shift gaze to new visual stimuli
21
Q

What is simultanagnosia?

A

inability to perceive more than an object at a time

22
Q

What is optic ataxia?

A

inability to reach in direction of an object under visual guidance

23
Q

What is ocular apraxia?

A

inability to voluntarily shift gaze to new visual stimuli

24
Q

What are the parietal lobes concerned with?

A

Interpreting the 3D representation of our world.

25
Q

Attentional modulation of visual ERPs occur as early as what?

A

70-90 ms in voluntary spatial cues in tasks, evidence for early attention

26
Q

Can visual attention effects even manifest before cortical processing?

A

yes, at the level of the thalamus

27
Q

Both spatial and feature cues can improve performance, but what occurs later in processing?

A

attention

28
Q

Where are some places that selective attention can be directed to?

A

spatial locations, features, objects, resulting in enhanced processing

29
Q

According to Petersen and Posner’s theory of attentional network, what are the 3 aspects responsible for attention?

A
  1. alerting
  2. orienting
  3. executive control
30
Q

What is alerting according to Petersen and Posners, 2012 model of attentional network?

A

general level or arousal/vigilance

31
Q

What is orienting according to Petersen and Posners, 2012 model of attentional network?

A

directing of attention to prioritise external information

32
Q

What is executive control according to Petersen and Posners, 2012 model of attentional network?

A

higher level regulation of information from other systems

33
Q

What is the alerting network?

A
  • automatic/arousal based
  • norepinephrine projections from midbrain to cortex
  • tonic alerting
  • phasic alterting
34
Q

What is orienting network?

A

prioritise information by selecting location, feature, modality etc
maybe mediated by acetyl choline

35
Q

What is the executive control network?

A
  • top down control over other systems
  • mediated by dopamine?
  • implicated in ADHD
36
Q

What are the 2 networks in the executive control networks>

A
  1. fronto-parietal network

2. cingulo-opercular network

37
Q

What is the dorsal control network postulated to be used for in attention?

A

goal directed, spatial attention

38
Q

What is the ventral reorienting network postulated to be used for in attention?

A

reflexive, non-spatial, right lateralised

39
Q

What are the subcortical areas in attention?

A

superior colliculus, pulvinar of thalamus

40
Q

What are frontal eye fields important for in the dorsal attention network?

A

voluntary eye movements, gaze shifts, and covert visuospatial attention

41
Q

What are parietal areas important for in the dorsal attention network?

A

enhanced activity when stimulus is target of saccadic eye movements, covert attention,

42
Q

What is the ventral attention network important for?

A

-detecting novelty and multimodal attentional reorienting

43
Q

What is damage to the ventral attention network often associated with?

A

neglect

44
Q

Posner showed that neglect patients have difficulty orienting attention to where after being cued to ipsilesional space?

A

contralesional space

45
Q

What are the 2 things which the superior colliculus important for?

A
  • detect and shift attention to salient locations via reflexive eye movements
  • responds when eye movements are made to attended targets (overt shifts of attention)
46
Q

What is the pulvinar important for (attention)?

A
  • important for covert and overt attention
  • engagement of spatial attention
  • filtering distracting information
47
Q

What did Peterson find when injecting a GABA agonist in the pulvinar?

A

disrupts shifting of covert attention to contralateral visual field regardless of cue validity

Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience EXAM (9 decks)

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