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Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience EXAM > Week 9 Lecture > Flashcards

Week 9 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Define sensation

A

the manner in which our sense organs receive information from the environment (detection)

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2
Q

Define perception

A

the manner by which people select, organise and interpret sensations (understanding)

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3
Q

What is transduction?

A

The manner by which physical energy is converted into a sensory neural impulses

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4
Q

What is the organisation of the sensory system in bottom up processing? (5 steps)

A
  1. receptors
  2. thalamus
  3. primary sensory cortex
  4. secondary sensory cortex
  5. association cortex
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5
Q

What are expectations in what you about to see a part of? (which type of processing?)

A

top down

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6
Q

What is the neocortex?

A

The sheet of cells covering the rest of the brain

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7
Q

How many square feet would the neocortex be if it was stretched out?

A

about two and a half square feet

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8
Q

What is the characteristic organisation of the neocortex? (2)

A
  • 6 stereotypical layers

- types of cells, spatial arrangements and connections are pretty much in the same in every part of the neocortex

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9
Q

How is the neocortex organised in mammals in comparison to humans?

A

the same characteristic organisation

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10
Q

What is the primary visual pathway?

A

retina-optic nerve-optic chiasm - thalamus - occipital lobe

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11
Q

What is the primary auditory pathway?

A

auditory nerve-cochlear nuclei- superior olivary nuclei -inferior colliculus-medial geniculate-auditory corte

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12
Q

All senses except olfaction goes through the what?

A

thalamus

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13
Q

Describe what multi-sensory integration means”

A

information is assimilated from various sensory systems and coordinated

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14
Q

What are sound waves caused by?

A

rapid changes in air pressure caused by vibrating objects

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15
Q

What is pitch?

A

frequency of vibration measured in hertz

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16
Q

What is loudness?

A

function of sound waves intensity

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17
Q

What is timbre?

A

provides information about the nature or complexity of the sound

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18
Q

What are 3 components of auditory stimuli?

A
  1. pitch
  2. loudness
  3. timbre
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19
Q

Amplitude is what pereptually?

A

loudness

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20
Q

What is frequency perceptually?

A

pitch

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21
Q

What is complexity conceptually?

A

timbre

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22
Q

Where is the primary auditory receptors located?

A

in the inner ear (cochlea)

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23
Q

What are the hair cells in the cochlea?

A

convert sound energy to neural impulses and send them along to the primary auditory cortex

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24
Q

What is the pinna?

A

external ear

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25
Q

What is the tympanic membrane?

A

eardrum

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26
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

hollow region containing the ossicles

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27
Q

Where is the middle ear located?

A

between the tympanic membrane and the cochlea

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28
Q

What are ossicles?

A

middle ear bone

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29
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

snail shaped structure of the inner ear containing the organ of corti

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30
Q

What is the organ of corti?

A

sensory organ for the auditory system

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31
Q

What are 3 important components for hearing?

A
  1. basilar membrane
  2. hair cells
  3. tectorial membrane
32
Q

What is the oval window?

A

opening “door” in the cochlea where the stapes is located.

33
Q

What is the round window?

A

opening in the cochlea

34
Q

Where is the tectorial membrane?

A

rests on the hair cells

35
Q

What does the basilar membrane have?

A

a base and an apex

36
Q

Where do natural sounds excite the hair cells?

A

across the membrane

37
Q

Where do you hear low frequency sounds?

A

excites hair cells near the apex

38
Q

Where do you hear high frequency sounds?

A

excited hair cells near the base

39
Q

Describe the 2 steps of transduction of auditory information:

A
  1. stimulation of hair cells triggers action potentials in the auditory nerve
  2. activated by mechanical movements of the stapes against the oval window
40
Q

How much movement is needed to cause an action potential that will generate a noticeable sound?

A

around 1-100 piccometres

41
Q

What are tonotopic maps?

A

cochlea and auditory cortex arranged according to sound frequencies that most effectively stimulate the cells

42
Q

Where are the two areas of the association areas where auditory signals are conducted?

A
  1. prefrontal cortex

2. posterior cortex

43
Q

Which auditory pathway is more involved in identifying WHAT a sound is?

A

anterior auditory pathway

44
Q

Which auditory pathway is more involved in identifying WHERE the sound is?

A

the posterior cortex

45
Q

What are odorants?

A

molecules that give off a smell

46
Q

Where do odorant binds to?

A

receptors in olfactory cilia

47
Q

What are glomeruli?

A

Clusters of convergent olfactory sensory neurons

48
Q

What is gustation?

A

receptors in tongue and oral cavity in clusters of about 50 called taste buds

49
Q

What are the 4 different primary tastes?

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter

50
Q

What is the 5th primary taste?

A

umami, meat or savoury

51
Q

Do salty and sour have their own receptors?

A

no, they merely act on ion channels

52
Q

What is the gustatory pathway?

A

receptors
solitary tract
thalamus
cortex

53
Q

Somatosensory system is actually 3 separate and interacting systems. What are they?

A
  1. exteroceptive
  2. proprioceptive
  3. interoceptive
54
Q

What is the exteroceptive somatosensory system?

A

external stimuli

55
Q

What is the proprioceptive somatosensory system?

A

body position

56
Q

What is the interoceptive somatosensory system?

A

internal body conditions (e.g, temperature and blood pressure)

57
Q

What is Merkel’s disks as a somatosensation

A

regular touch

58
Q

What is meissner’s corpuscles, which is a somatosensation receptor?

A

light touch

59
Q

What is pacinian corpuscles, which is a somatosensation receptor?

A

deep pressure (gradual skin indentation)

60
Q

What is ruffini corpuscles, which are a somatosensation receptors?

A

temperature

61
Q

What is a nociceptors, which is a somatosensation receptor?

A

pain

62
Q

What is the dorsal column medial lemniscus system?

A

a somatosensory pathway associated with mainly touch and proprioception

63
Q

What is the anterolateral system?

A

a somatosensory pathway which is mainly associated with pain and temperature. Goes straight up to the thalamus, which is one of the reasons that we feel pain and temperature so quickly.

64
Q

What is hue perceiving?

A

wavelength

65
Q

What is brightness perceiving?

A

intensity

66
Q

What is saturation perceiving?

A

purity

67
Q

What are found only at the fovea?

A

cones

68
Q

What are cones responsible for?

A

photopic (daytime) vision

high acuity colour information in good lighting

69
Q

What are rods responsible for?

A 
scotopic (nighttime) vision 
high sensitivity (allowing to see in low light but lacking detail)
70
Q

What are found only at the fovea?

A

cones

71
Q

How many rods are retinal ganglion cells representing?

A

multiple rods

72
Q

What is the characteristic response of a lateral geniculate nucleus when light is fully hitting it?

A

The neurons begin firing like crazy

73
Q

What is the flow of visual information?

A

receptor-visual cortex (striate)-visual cortex (prestriate)- visual association cortex

74
Q

As visual information flows through hierarchy, receptive fields become what?

A

larger and respond to more complex and specific stimuli.

75
Q

What is PPC in monkeys?

A

LIP

76
Q

As visual information flows through hierarchy, receptive fields become what?

A

larger and respond to more complex and specific stimuli.

77
Q

What has stronger connectivity in synesthesia patients?

A

White matter

Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience EXAM (9 decks)

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