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Biology Paper One. > Infection and Response > Flashcards

Infection and Response Flashcards

1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

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2
Q

What do pathogens cause?

A

Communicable diseases they are diseases that can spread easily

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3
Q

Who can be infected by pathogens?

A

Both plants and animals.

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4
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Are very small cells about 1/100th the size of body cells.

They reproduce rapidly inside the body.

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5
Q

How do bacteria make you feel ill?

A

They produce toxins that damage your cells and tissues.

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6
Q

What are viruses?

A

They are not cells.

They are tiny about 1/100th the size of bacterium.

Like bacteria they can reproduce rapidly.

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7
Q

How do viruses make you feel ill?

A

Live inside your cells and replicate themselves using the cells’ machinery to produce many copies of themselves. The cell will then burst releasing all new viruses. The cell damage is what makes you feel ill.

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8
Q

What are all the different types of protists called?

A

Eukaryotes and most of them are single celled.

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9
Q

What are some protists?

A

Parasites.

They live on or inside other organisms and can cause them damage.

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10
Q

How are parasites transferred?

A

They are often transferred to the organism by a vector which doesn’t get the disease itself eg: an insect that carries the protist

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11
Q

What are some fungi?

A

Single celled.

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12
Q

What do some fungi body contain?

A

Have a body made up of hyphae which are thread like structures.

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13
Q

How can hyphae cause disease?

A

These hyphae can grow and penetrate human skin and surface of plants so causing diseases.

Hyphae can produce spores which can be spread to other plants and animals.

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14
Q

Give three ways pathogens can be spread.

A

Water

Air

Direct contact

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15
Q

How can pathogens be spread by water?

A

Some pathogens can be picked up by drinking or bathing in dirty water.

eg: cholera is a bacterial infection that’s spread by drinking water contaminated with the diarrhoea of other sufferers.

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16
Q

How can pathogens be spred by air?

A

Can be carried in the air and then can be breathed in.

Some airborne pathogens are carried in the air in water droplets produced when you cough or sneeze

eg: the influenza virus that causes flu is spread this way

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17
Q

How can pathogens be spread by direct contact?

A

Some pathogens can be picked up by touching contaminated surfaces including the skin.

eg: athletes foot is a fungus which makes skin itch and flake off.

Its most commonly spread by touching the same things as an infected person eg: shower floor and towels.

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18
Q

What is measles?

A

A viral disease.

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19
Q

How is measles spread?

A

By droplets from an infected persons sneeze or cough.

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20
Q

What do people with measles develop?

A

A red skin rash and they’ll show signs of fever

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21
Q

Is measles fatal?

A

Yes it can be very serious or even fatal if there are complications.

For example: measles can sometimes lead to pneumonia or a brain infection called encephalitis

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22
Q

How can measles be prevented.

A

Most people are vaccinated against it when they are young.

23
Q

What is HIV?

A

Virus.

24
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

By sexual contact, or by exachanging bodily fluids such as blood. This can happen when people share needles when taking drugs.

25
Q

Symptoms of HIV

A

Flu like sysmptoms for a few weeks

Person does not experience any symptoms for several years later.

During this time HIV can be controlled with antiretroviral drugs. They can stop virus replicating in the body.

26
Q

What does the HIV virus attack?

A

Immune cells

If the bodys immune system is badly damaged it cant cope with other infections of cancers. At this stage the virus is known as late stage HIV infection or AIDS

27
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus?

A

Is a virus, that affects many species of plants like tomatoes.

28
Q

Symptoms of TMV

A

Mosiac pattern on the leaves of plants

Parts of leaf becomes discoloured

Discolouration means the plant can’t carry out photosynthesis as well so the virus affects growth

29
Q

Name a fungal disease

A

Rose black spot

30
Q

What is rose black spot

A

A fungus that causes purple or black spots ot develop on the leaves of rose plants. The leaves can turn yellow and drop off.

So less photosynthesis can happen so plant does not grow very well

31
Q

How does rose black spot spread?

A

Through the environment in water or by wind

32
Q

How do gardeners treat rose black spot?

A

Using fungicides and by stripping the plant of its affected leaves

These leaves can be destroyed so that the fungus can’t spread to other rose plants.

33
Q

What is malaria caused by?

A

A protist

34
Q

Where does part of the malarial protists life cycle take place?

A

Inside the mosquito.

The mosquitos are vectors they pick up the malarial protist when they feed on an infected animal.

35
Q

How does the mosquito infect?

A

It infects it by inserting the protist into the animals blood vessels.

36
Q

What does malaria cause?

A

Repeating episodes of fever. It can be fatal

37
Q

How can spread of malaria be reduced?

A

Stopping mosquitos from breeding

Insecticides

Mosquito nets

38
Q

What is salmonella?

A

A type of bacteria that causes food poisining.

39
Q

Symptoms of salmonella

A

Suffer from fever stomach cramps vomitting and diarrhoea

40
Q

What are salmonella symptoms caused by?

A

Toxins that the bacteria produce

41
Q

How can you get salmonella?

A

Eating food thats been contaminated with Salmonella bacteria eg:chicken that has caught the disease whilst it was alive or eating food that has been contaminated by being prepared in unhygenic conditions.

42
Q

How to prevent the spread of salmonella?

A

In the Uk most poultry is given a vaccination against Salmonella to control the spread of disease.

43
Q

What is gonnorhoea?

A

Sexually transmitted disease.

44
Q

How are STDs passed?

A

By sexual contact by having unprotected sex

45
Q

What is gonnorhoea caused by?

A

Bacteria

46
Q

Symptoms of gonnorhoea

A

Pain while they urinate

thick yellow or green discharge from vagina or penis

47
Q

How was gonnorhoea origianally treated?

A

Antibiotic called penecillin but has became harder now because strains of bacteria have become resistant to it.

48
Q

How to prevent the spread of gonnorhoea?

A

People treated with antibiotics

Use barrier methods of contraception such as condoms

49
Q

4 things that can be done to reduce or prevent the spread of diseas.

A

1= being hygenic

2= destroying vectors

3= isolating infected inviduals

4= vaccination

50
Q

How can being hygenic reduce the spread of disease/ prevent it?

A

Using simple hygeine measures can prevent the spread of disease.

For example: washing hands thoroughly before preparing food or after you have sneezed can stop you infecting another person.

51
Q

How can destroying vectors prevent the spread of disease?

A

Getting rid of the organisms that spread disease you can prevent the disease from being passed on.

Vectors that are insects can be killed using insecticides or by destroying their habitats so they can no longer breed.

52
Q

How can isolating infected individual reduced spread of disease.

A

if you isolate someone who has a communicable disease it prevents them from passing it on to anyone else

53
Q

How does vaccination reduce spread of disease.

A

Vaccinating people and animals against communicable diseases mean that they can’t develop the infection and then pass it on to someone else.

54
Q
A

Biology Paper One. (4 decks)

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