Chapter 19

Question 1

Three key observations of life

Answer 1

• organisms are suited to their environments
• there are many shared characteristics of life (unity)
• The diversity of life

Question 2

Scala naturae

Answer 2

Ranking of complexity of animals

Question 3

Strata

Answer 3

A rock layer formed when new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them

Question 4

Adaptations

Answer 4

Inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments

Question 5

Natural selection

Answer 5

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates

Question 6

Artificial selection

Answer 6

Selecting and breeding desired individuals

Ex: Samaria crab never eaten so they grew in numbers, positive selection for them.

Question 7

Homology

Homologous structures

Answer 7

Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry

Ex: hand is homologous to whale flippers

Question 8

Vestigial structures

Answer 8

A feature of an organism that is a historical remnant of a structure that served a purpose in the organisms ancestors

Question 9

Convergent evolution

Answer 9

The independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

Morphologically similar, but not due to recent common ancestor but as a result of environmental factors

Ex: sugar gliders and flying squirrels

Question 10

Analogous

Answer 10

Not homologous; share similar function, but not common ancestry

Question 11

Endemic

Answer 11

Found no where else on earth

Question 12

Descent with modification

Answer 12

A change in the frequency of a trait variant in a population over inter generational time. (Evolution)

Question 13

Plato

Answer 13

Life was unchanging, humans couldn’t see variants because they see imperfectly

Question 14

Aristotle

Answer 14

Organisms don’t change, scale of nature (inorganic-humans-angels)

Question 15

Cuvier

Answer 15

Discovered changes in fossils (oldest=deepest)

Catastrophism- something bad happened and species were lost and new fossils show

Question 16

Lyell

Answer 16

Published principles of geology

Uniformitarianism- earth shaped by slow moving forces

Question 17

Wallace

Answer 17

Sends Darwin hypothesis of natural selection

Question 18

Darwin

Answer 18

Publishes “on the origin of species”

Question 19

Hutton

Answer 19

Hutton enormous lengths of time were required to account for thickness of exposed rock, therefore earth is very old

Question 20

Lamarck

Answer 20

• inheritance of acquired traits ex: giraffe necks became linger because 5eu stretched them more.
• use and disuse: animals use certain parts of body more so it will get bigger and stronger. (False, acquired traits can’t be inherited)

Question 21

Extant vs. Extinct

Answer 21

Living example

Not living, only in fossil record

Question 22

Evolution occurs ———- with species with —- reproduction rates and generation time

Answer 22

Quicker, higher

Ex: bacteria reproduce in hours

Question 23

Morphology vs. Anatomical

Answer 23

Overall form of an organism (outside appearance)

Internal structures of an organism that determine morphology

Question 24

Divergent evolution

Answer 24

Pattern of evolution in which two closely related species gradually become more and more dissimilar.