Anatomy Pre-Practical 1

Question 1

What are the 9 layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall from superficial to deep?

Answer 1

Skin
Superficial fascia 2 layers
Deep fascia
Muscles
Transversalis fascia
Extraperitoneal fatty layer
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum
Organs

Question 2

What are the 2 layers of superficial fascia?

Answer 2

Camper (fatty)

Scarpa (membranous)

Question 3

What are the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?

Answer 3

External + internal obliques
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis

Question 4

What is the rectus sheath?

Answer 4

Aponeurosis infront and behind the rectus abdominis

Question 5

What is the arcuate line?

Answer 5

A horizontal line that demarcates the lower limit of the posterior layer of the rectus sheath
Where transversus abdominis muscle ends inferiorly

Question 6

What is the inferior epigastric artery?

Answer 6

Artery from the external iliac artery that goes behind rectus abdominis running upwards

Question 7

What is the superior epigastric artery?

Answer 7

Artery from the internal thoracic artery running downwards

Question 8

What is the inguinal canal?

Answer 8

External oblique evagination into scrotum/uterus of aponeurosis
Musculo-fascial slit
~4cm long

Question 9

Where is the inguinal canal?

Answer 9

Lies parallel and superior to the medial half of the inguinal ligament

Question 10

What are the contents of the inguinal canal?

Answer 10

Male: spermatic cord
Female: round ligament of uterus
Both: blood, lymphatic vessels and iliolingual nerve

Question 11

What is the deep inguinal ring?

Answer 11

Opening to the inguinal canal

Question 12

What is the superficial inguinal ring?

Answer 12

Exit from the inguinal canal

Question 13

How is the roof of the inguinal canal formed?

Answer 13

By the conjoint tendon and the meeting of the anterior and posterior walls of the canal

Question 14

How is the anterior wall of the inguinal canal formed?

Answer 14

By external oblique muscle throughout and by internal oblique muscles laterally
Weak medially because of ‘hole’ in the external oblique

Question 15

How is the posterior wall of the inguinal canal formed?

Answer 15

By transversalis fascia throughot and the conjoint tendon medially
Weak over deep inguinal ring

Question 16

How is the floor of the inguinal canal formed?

Answer 16

By an incurving of the inguinal ligament, which is part of the external oblique muscle, forming a gutter
Medially forms the lacunar ligament

Question 17

What is an indirect inguinal hernia?

Answer 17

Abdominal contents protrude through the deep inguinal ring (same course as the spermatic cord)
Can pass into the scrotum or labia majora

Question 18

What is a direct inguinal hernia?

Answer 18

Abdominal contents buldge through weakend fascia of the abdominal wall directly behind the superficial inguinal ring
Rarely enter scrotum
Common in elderly

Question 19

Why is the inguinal triangle a common location for direct hernias to occur?

Answer 19

Can be caused by a deficiency in number of transversus abdominis aponeurotic fibres

Question 20

Where can you find stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium? + function

Answer 20

Oesophagus, anal canal

Function = protective

Question 21

Where can you find simple columnar epithelium (gastric pits and glands)? + function

Answer 21

Stomach

Function = secretory

Question 22

Where can you find simple columnar epithelium (enterocytes) with goblet cells (villi)? + function

Answer 22

Small intestine

Function = secretory and absorptive

Question 23

Where can you find simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells (no villi)? + function

Answer 23

Large intestine

Function = absorptive and protective

Question 24

Where is the visceral peritoneum?

Answer 24

Peritoneum that runs alongside the organs (inner layer)

Question 25

Where is the parietal peritoneum?

Answer 25

Outer layer of peritoneum

Question 26

What is found between the parietal and visceral peritoneum? + contents

Answer 26

Peritoneal cavity

Contains peritoneal fluid