Anatomic Basis of Clinical Testing Pt. 1 (9/3a) Flashcards

1
Q

How we understand patient anatomy

A

Observing, palpatings, imaging, clinical tests (EX: PT kits)

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2
Q

Studying Anatomy (Anatomy Approaches)

A

Regional approach
Systemic approach
Clinical anatomy

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3
Q

Regional approach (Anatomy Approaches)

A

Head, Neck, Trunk (abdomen, thorax, pelvis/perineum, back), Upper limbs, Lower Limbs

Regions further subdivided

We will do this each unit

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4
Q

Systemic approach (Anatomy Approaches)

A

Cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine, immune, integumentary, lymphatic, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, skeletal, urinary

1 I, 2 S, 3 A, 4 M, 5 N, 6 C, 7 D, 8 R, 9 U, 10 G, 11 E

No systems function in isolation

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5
Q

Clinical anatomy (Anatomy Approaches)

A

Stresses clinical application

Consider how the systems interrelate

EX: Ulnar nerve at the elbow - Instead of “the nerve innervates…..” ask “numbness in this location indicates what nerve?”

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6
Q

3 main planes of the body

A

Sagittal, frontal, transverse

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7
Q

Relationships in plane movement

A
Superior/Inferior
Proximal/Distal
Anterior/Posterior
Medial/Lateral
Superficial/Deep
Dorsal/Ventral
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8
Q

Motions related to anatomic neutral

A

Flexion/Extension
Abduction/Adduction
Medial Rotation/Lateral Rotation
Supination/Pronation

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9
Q

Major divisions of the nervous system

A

Central NS/Peripheral NS
Somatic/Autonomic
Afferent/Efferent

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10
Q

Functional unit of the nervous system

A

neuron

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11
Q

Cell body (neuron)

A

cell’s life support center

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12
Q

Dendrites (neuron)

A

receive messages from other cells

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13
Q

Axon (neuron)

A

passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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14
Q

Neural impulse (neuron)

A

electrical signal traveling down the axon

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15
Q

Myelin sheath (neuron)

A

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed up neural impulses

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16
Q

Terminal branches of axon (neuron)

A

form junctions with other cells

17
Q

Spinal cord segments

A

31 spinal cord segments:

8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
18
Q

Spinal nerves arise from rootlets into

A

Anterior (ventral) nerve root – efferent fibers

Posterior (dorsal) nerve root – afferent fibers

19
Q

Mixed nerves

A

“Sensory nerve” mostly sensory afferents some motor fibers

sweat and smooth muscle vessels

“motor nerve’ mostly motor some sensory: pain and proprioception info

20
Q

Dermatomes

A

provide surface sensory innervation

Segmental cutaneous (skin) innervations (afferent)

21
Q

Myotomes

A

provide muscle innervation

Segmental innervation of muscles (efferent)

22
Q

Axons from spinal nerves combine to ultimately form ___ ___

A

peripheral nerves

23
Q

Symptoms of nervous system impairment

A

Paresthesia

Diminished/lost sensation

Weakness (decreased innervation to muscle)

Pain

Movement dysfunction

24
Q

Paresthesia

A

sensation of tickling, tingling, burning, pricking, or numbness of a person’s skin

25
Q

Causes of nervous system impairment

A

Too much pressure

Ischemia (blood loss)

Metabolic/chemical changes (EX: diabetic neuropathy)

Disease

Trauma

26
Q

Pattern recognition - Sensory

A

Spinal nerve distribution - dermatome

Peripheral nerve distribution - myotome

Spinal cord distribution (later)

Brachial plexus (trunk, cord) distribution (later)

Brain distribution (later)

27
Q

3 types of sensory testing

A

Superficial
Deep
Combined cortical

28
Q

Superficial Sensory Testing (exteroceptors)

A

Pain, temperature, light touch, pressure

29
Q

Deep Sensory Testing (proprioceptors)

A

Position sense, kinesthesia, vibration

30
Q

Combined Cortical Sensory Testing

A

Stereognosis, 2-pt. discrimination, graphesthesia, texture, barognosis