SR11: Wright 2009- helping effort increases with relatedness in bell minors

Question 1

helping by non relatives requires what?

Answer 1

direct fitness benefits such as group augmentation

Question 2

what were the 3 main things observed?

Answer 2

• visit rates
• load sizes
• prey types by breeding pairs and helpers

Question 3

what is the positive effect?

Answer 3

of kinship as helpers assist at multiple nests

Question 4

how did helpers and breeders regulate provisioning effort

Answer 4

by responding visit by visit to changes in nestling begging

Question 5

what is helping behaviour consistent with?

Answer 5

adaptive cooperative investment in the brood and kin selected care by relatives

Question 6

in cooperatively breeding birds what is explained by kin selection?

Answer 6

altruism of helping raise others offspring

Question 7

what does the group augmentation principle state about if helpers help raise reproductive success?

Answer 7

the benefits of living in a larger group will favour the evolution of altruistic helping behavior

Question 8

non relatives often help and what could it be that they gain?

Answer 8

future increases in survivorship/reproduction

Question 9

what do the male and female helpers vary in?

Answer 9

relatedness, indirect fitness benefits, direct fitness benefits

Question 10

what type of breeders are the bell miners known as?

Answer 10

obligate cooperative breeders

Question 11

what does female dispersal result in?

Answer 11

male biased colony sex ratios

Question 12

what do the coteries usually contain?

Answer 12

a few young females that have not dispersed and many males helping whilst waiting to breed

Question 13

what does the fact there is a rapid turnover of breeding females mean about the helpers?

Answer 13

they aren’t direct descendents of adults they aid

Question 14

what did they test for ?

Answer 14

direct and indirect fitness effects of helping from related and unrelated individuals

Question 15

when does the number of bell miners per nest and provisioning effort reach its max?

Answer 15

when nestlings are 5-6 days old

Question 16

how many helpers and how many nests were observed?

Answer 16

217 helpers

27 nests

Question 17

how many helpers attended the average nest?

Answer 17

8.63

Question 18

what was the sex ratio found for non breeding individuals?

Answer 18

7:1

Question 19

how many nests did helper males and helper females visit on average?

Answer 19

M: 2.26
F: 1.19

Question 20

what did individuals change their visit rates at different nests according to?

Answer 20

variation in their genetic relatedness

Question 21

when feeding more related broods what did helpers increase and how?

Answer 21

provisioning effort by increasing visit rates

Question 22

where was there a positive linear effect?

Answer 22

brood begging on load size delivered

Question 23

if helpers hear a hungry brood what do they return with on their next visit?

Answer 23

larger load sizes

Question 24

in response to genetic relatedness of the broods they were provisioning what did helpers of both sexes show?

Answer 24

increase in visit rates, biomass delivered and increase helping effort

Question 25

what may allow for preferential care of relatives

Answer 25

distinct mew calls given by breeders and helpers containing information

Question 26

which sex visited the nest more than expected by relatedness?

Answer 26

females

Question 27

what do male breeders trade off and why?

Answer 27

move and feed at multiple nests so trade off visits to their own nest with cooperative provisioning, mobbing and colony defence

Question 28

why were there fewer female helpers?

Answer 28

early dispersal

Question 29

what % of total food delivery did helpers provide?

Answer 29

60%

Question 30

at what % of the rate of parents did the related and unrelated helpers work at?

Answer 30

related: 50%
unrelated: 25%

Question 31

what is an example of an active benefit from group augmentation?

Answer 31

offspring assisted may later become helpers and enhance reproductive success of helper that raised them

Question 32

what is a passive benefit from group augmentation?

Answer 32

improved chance of survival, especially of non dispersing males

Question 33

what did some use as an indirect measure of brood demand?

Answer 33

changes in others nest visit rates

Question 34

in the system what is there that is extreme?

Answer 34

sex biased dispersal

Question 35

what does the system offer an opportunity to distinguish between?

Answer 35

kin selection or group augmentation for evolution of helping at the nest in a cooperative bird

Question 36

how was pairwise relatedness assessed?

Answer 36

by calculating likeliness birds are related or not

Question 37

what was highly correlated?

Answer 37

visual and acoustic measures of begging intensity

Question 38

what did members of the breeding pair differ in and how did this compare to the male and female helpers

Answer 38

provisioning investment

didn’t differ in helpers

Question 39

where is the main effect of relatedness on load size?

Answer 39

between breeders and helpers

Question 40

what did breeding females deliver and experience and a potential reason for why?

Answer 40

delivered larger loads and experienced louder begging perhaps because they visited the nests more often

Question 41

why did it appear that females visited more nests?

Answer 41

males move and feed at multiple nests

Question 42

what does the adjustment of bell miner helping effort according to kin represent?

Answer 42

kin selection for inclusive fitness benefits

Question 43

what may result from kin selection between social groups

Answer 43

help by non relatives