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A&P 223 > Exam #5 Ch. 14 > Flashcards

Exam #5 Ch. 14 Flashcards

1
Q

what is sensation the stimulation of?

A

a receptor

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2
Q

what is perception?

A

the awareness of a sensation

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3
Q

where are general senses?

A

widespread on the body

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4
Q

what does general senses include?

A

touch, temperature, pain etc.

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5
Q

what are the three types of general senses?

A

1) somatic
2) propicception
3) visceral

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6
Q

what does somatic senses provide?

A

information about the body and environment

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7
Q

what does proprioception provide?

A

information on body position and movement

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8
Q

what does visceral senses provide?

A

information about internal organs

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9
Q

where are special senses located/

A

they are localized on the body

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10
Q

what senses does special senses include?

A

sight, hearing, balance, smell and taste

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11
Q

how are sensory receptors categorized?

A

1) by type of stimulus
2) by location
3) by structure

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12
Q

which sensory receptors are categorized by type of stimulus? (5) (MCTPN)

A

1) mechanoreceptors
2) chemoreceptors
3) thermoreceptors
4) photoreceptors
5) nociceptors

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13
Q

what do mechanoreceptors respond to?

A

mechanical force such as compression, bending or stretching of cells

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14
Q

what do chemoreceptors respond to?

A

chemicals

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15
Q

what depends on chemoreceptors?

A

taste and smell

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16
Q

what do thermoreceptors respond to?

A

changes in temperature at the site of the receptor

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17
Q

what is thermoreceptors necessary for?

A

the sense of temperature

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18
Q

what does photoreceptors respond to?

A

light striking the receptor cells

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19
Q

what are photoreceptors necessary for?

A

vision

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20
Q

what do nociceptors (pain receptors) respond to?

A

extreme mechanical, chemical and thermal stimuli

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21
Q

what is unique about nociceptors?

A

most sensory receptors respond to one type of stimulus but nociceptors respond to more than one

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22
Q

which sensory receptors are categorized by location? (3) (CVP)

A

1) cutaneous
2) visceroceptors
3) proprioceptors

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23
Q

what are cutaneous receptors associated with?

A

skin

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24
Q

what are visceroreceptors associated with?

A

the viscera of organs

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25
Q

what are proprioceptors associated with?

A

joints, tendons and other connective tissue.

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26
Q

what does cutaneous receptors provide information about?

A

the external environment

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27
Q

which sensory receptors are categorized by structure? (9) (FMHPMRMGO)

A

1) free nerve endings
2) merkel disks
3) hair follicle receptors
4) pacinian corpuscles
5) meissner corpuscles
6) ruffini end organs
7) muscle spindles
8) golgi tendon organs
9) others

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28
Q

what are free nerve endings?

A

relatively unspecialized neuronal branches similar to dendrites

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29
Q

where are free nerve endings distributed?

A

throughout most parts of the body and especially are abundant in epithelial and connective tissues

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30
Q

what are free nerve endings responsible for?

A

a number of sensations including pain, temperature, itch and movement

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31
Q

where are somatic senses (general senses) located?

A

in skin, muscles and joints

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32
Q

where are visceral (general senses) located

A

in internal organs

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33
Q

what senses does somatic senses produce?

A

touch, pressure, propicopetion, temperature and pain

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34
Q

what senses does visceral senses produce?

A

pain and pressure

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35
Q

what are the 3 types of sensations that free nerve endings are responsible for?

A

1) cold receptor
2) warm receptor
3) pain receptors

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36
Q

what does the cold receptors on free nerve endings do?

A

increase its rate of action potential production as skin is cooled

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37
Q

what is cold receptors also activated by?

A

menthol (gives mint its cool taste)

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38
Q

what does the warm receptors on free nerve endings do?

A

increase its rate of action potential production as skin temperature increases.

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39
Q

what do both cold and warm receptors respond most to?

A

changes in temperature

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40
Q

which are more abundant, cold or warm receptors in any given area of the skin?

A

cold receptors are 10 to 15 more numerous than warm receptors

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41
Q

what are pain receptors on free nerve endings stimulated by?

A

extreme cold or heat

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42
Q

at very cold temperatures (0-12 degrees C) what is the only receptor on free nerve endings stimulated?

A

pain receptors

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43
Q

when does the pain sensation end when pain receptors are stimulated by temps 0-12 degree C?

A

as the temp increases above 15 degrees C

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44
Q

what is the structure of free nerve endings?

A

branching, no capsule

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45
Q

what is the function of free nerve endings? (6) (PITTJP)

A

1) pain
2) itch
3) tickle
4) temperature
5) joint movement
6) proprioception

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46
Q

where are the receptors of merkel disks located?

A

throughout the basal layers of the epidermis just superficial to the basement membrane

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47
Q

what does a merkel disk consist of?

A

axonal branches that end as flattened expansions

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48
Q

what are merkel disks associated with?

A

dome-shaped mounds of thickened epidermis in hair skin

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49
Q

what is the structure of merkel disks?

A

consists of flattened expansions at the end of axons.

50
Q

what is each expansion at the end of axons associated with?

A

a merkel cell

51
Q

what is the function of merkel disks?

A

light touch and superficial pressure

52
Q

where are hair follicle receptors (hair end organs) located?

A

wrapped around hair follicles or extending along the hair axis

53
Q

what does each axon on hair follicle receptors supply?

A

several hairs

54
Q

what does each hair receive on hair follicle receptors and what does it result in?

A

branches from several neurons resulting in continuous overlap

55
Q

what is the function of hair follicle receptors?

A

light touch and responds to very slight bending of hair

56
Q

how is a response elicited in hair follicle receptors?

A

they are extremely sensitive and require very little stimulation

57
Q

is the sensation in hair follicle receptors localized?

A

not very well localized

58
Q

what helps explain why light touch is not highly localized in hair follicle receptors?

A

the considerable overlap in the endings of sensory neurons

59
Q

what makes hair follicle receptors very sensitive?

A

converging signals within the CNS

60
Q

what is the structure of pacinian corpuscles (lamellated corpuscles)?

A

onion-shaped capsule composed of several cell layers with a single central nerve process

61
Q

what is the function of the pacinian corpuscle (lamellated corpuscle)?

A

deep cutaneous pressure, vibration and proprioception

62
Q

what is the structure of meissner corpuscles (tactile corpuscles)?

A

several branches of a single axon

63
Q

what are the several branches of a single axon on meissner corpuscles associated with?

A

specialized schwann cells

64
Q

what are the several branches of a single axon on meissner corpuscles surrounded by?

A

a connective tissue capsule

65
Q

what is the function of meissner corpuscles?

A

two-point discrimination

66
Q

where are meissner corpuscles distributed?

A

through the dermal paillae

67
Q

what is two-point discrimination in meissner corpuscles?

A

the ability to detect simultaneous stimulation at two points on the skin.

68
Q

what is the sensation of meissner corpuscles important for?

A

evaluating the texture of objects

69
Q

where are meissner corpuscles numerously located and close together?

A

close together in tongue and fingertips

70
Q

where are meissner corpuscles less numerous and widely separated?

A

in other areas such as the back

71
Q

what is the structure of ruffini end organs?

A

branching axon with numerous, small, terminal knobs

72
Q

what are the small terminal knobs of ruffini end organs surrounded by?

A

a connective tissue capsule

73
Q

what is the function of ruffini end organs?

A

continous touch or pressure

74
Q

what does ruffini end organs respond to?

A

depression or stretch of skin

75
Q

where is ruffini end organs located?

A

in the dermis

76
Q

where in the dermis are ruffini end organs primarily located?

A

in the fingers

77
Q

what is the structure of muscle spindles?

A

3-10 striated muscle fibers

78
Q

what are the striated muscle fibers of muscle spindles enclosed by?

A

a loose connective tissue capsule, striated only at the ends with sensory nerve endings in center

79
Q

what is the function of muscle spindles?

A

procprioception

80
Q

what is procprioception associated with in muscle spindles?

A

detection of muscle stretch

81
Q

what are muscle spindles most important for?

A

control of muscle tone

82
Q

where are muscle spindles located?

A

in skeletal muscles

83
Q

what do muscle spindles provide information about?

A

the length of muscle (stretch reflex)

84
Q

what do golgi tendon organs surround?

A

a bundle of fascili

85
Q

what are golgi tendon organs enclosed by?

A

a delicate connective tissue capsule

86
Q

what is the structure of nerve terminations in golgi tendon organs?

A

branched, with small swellings applied to indivisual tendon fasciculi.

87
Q

what is the function of golgi tendon organs?

A

proprioception

88
Q

what are golgi tendon organs associated with?

A

stretch of a tendon

89
Q

what is the importance of golgi tendon organs?

A

for control of muscle contraction

90
Q

what is the increase in tendon tension caused by?

A

either by contraction of the muscle or by passive stretch of the tendon

91
Q

what does stimulating a receptor produce?

A

an action potential in the sensory neuron

92
Q

what may produce an action potential?

A

a graded potential

93
Q

what is a graded potential called?

A

a receptor potential

94
Q

what is receptor adaptation?

A

reduced sensitivity to a constant stimulus

95
Q

what do tonic receptors constantly generate?

A

action potentials

96
Q

what do phasic receptors respond best to?

A

changes and adapt quickly

97
Q

what are primary receptors?

A

sensory receptors that conduct action potentials in response to the receptor potential

98
Q

which sensory neurons are primary receptors?

A

most ofthem

99
Q

what are secondary receptors?

A

other receptor cells that have no axons or have short, axonlike projections

100
Q

what do secondary receptors generally produce?

A

receptor potentials

101
Q

what does the production of action potentials by tonic receptors depend on?

A

as long as a stimulus is being applied

102
Q

why does a stimulus need to be applied to tonic receptors for an action potential to be generated?

A

so that they adapt very slowly

103
Q

what is an example of tonic receptors?

A

information from slowly adapting receptors allow us to know where our little finger is at all times without having to look for it

104
Q

how do phasic receptors adapt?

A

rapidly

105
Q

why do phasic receptor adapt rapidly?

A

so they are most sensitive to changes in stimuli

106
Q

what is an example of phasic receptors?

A

information from phasic receptors allow us to iknow where our little finger is as it movses thus we can control its movement through space and predict where it will be in the next moment

107
Q

why are we usually not conscious o tonic or phasic input?

A

because the higher brain centers ignore it most ofthe time.

108
Q

what type of pathways are sensory pathways/

A

ascending

109
Q

what do sensory pathways carry?

A

certain sensory modalities

110
Q

what does the anterolateral system convey?

A

cutaneous sensory information

111
Q

what does the spinothalmic tract in the anterolateral system carry? (6) (PTLPTI)

A

1) perceived pain
2) temperature
3) light touch
4) pressure
5) tickle
6) itch

112
Q

where do primary neurons in the spinothalmic tract synapse?

A

in the posterior gray horn

113
Q

where are the secondary neurons located in the spinothalmic tract?

A

cross over and ascend in the spinothalmic tract to the thalamus

114
Q

where are the tertiary neurons located in the spinothalmic tract?

A

they ascend to the somatic sensory cortex

115
Q

what do the spinoreticular and spinomesencephalic tract of the antherolateral system carry?

A

pain and other touch sensations in the spinothalmic tract to other pats of the brain

116
Q

what does the tactile sensory axons from cranial nerves 7, 9 and 10 in the trigeminothalmic tract in the anetherolateral system join?

A

the spinothalmic tract in the brainstem

117
Q

what does the dorsal column/medial-lemniscal system carry? (4) (PPPV)

A

1) perceived 2 point discrimination
2) perceived proprioeption
3) pressure
4) vibration

118
Q

where are most primary neurons in the dorsal column/medial-lemniscal system located?

A

they enter the spinal cord and ascend in the posterior column to the medulla

119
Q

in primary neurons of the dorsal column/medial-lemniscal system, where does information from the inferior half of the body travel?

A

in the fasciculus gracillis to the nucleus gracillis

120
Q

in primary neurons of the dorsal column/medial-lemniscal system where does information from the superior half of the body?

A

in the fasciculus cuneatus to the nucleus cuneatus

121
Q

where are secondary neurons located in the dorsal column/medial-lemniscal system?

A

they crossover and travel through the medial lemniscus to the thalamus

122
Q

where are tertiary neurons located in the dorsal column/medial-lemniscal system?

A

they ascend to the somatic sensory cortex

A&P 223 (50 decks)

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