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A&P 223 > Exam #2 Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

during long bone growth what happens on the diaphyseal side?

A

cartilage is replaced by bone at the same rate

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2
Q

if pressure in bones causes electrial changes that increase activity of osteoblasts what does it mean if you have a broken bone and apply weight to it?

A

it can speed up the heeling process

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3
Q

what does PTH cause osteoblasts to release?

A

RANK ligand

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4
Q

what does circumferential lamellae do to the bone surface?

A

it makes it smooth

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5
Q

does increasing mechanical stress on bones increase or decrease osteoblast activity?

A

increases

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6
Q

what cell becomes more active when blood calcium levels are too high?

A

osteoblasts

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7
Q

what do blood vessels grow into during endochondral ossification?

A

the perichondrium

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8
Q

who does the acceleration of bone growth from reproductive organs happen sooner?

A

females

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9
Q

where are hairline fractures common?

A

in the skull

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10
Q

how is spongy bone arranged?

A

into trabeculae

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11
Q

what substance makes up a major portion of the bone?

A

hydroxyapatite

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12
Q

how much of the weight of bone do bone cells account for?

A

2%

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13
Q

what type of ossification forms the epiphysis of the clavicle?

A

endochonral

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14
Q

what does spongy bone contain?

A

trabeculae of bone oriented on lines of stress

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15
Q

what is the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification?

A

in intramembranous ossification, bone forms from preexisting connective tissue membranes and in endochondral ossification bone forms from a preexisting cartilage model

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16
Q

what type of cells can reabsorb bone?

A

osteoclasts

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17
Q

what is the epiphysis?

A

the part of the long bone that develops from a center of ossification distinct from that of the diaphysis

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18
Q

what is the process of events to create woven bone? (3) (COO)

A

1) Connective tissue membrane is formed
2) osteochondral progenitor cells become osteoblasts
3) osteoblasts produce woven bone

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19
Q

what does compact bone cover?

A

the spongy bone of the epiphysis

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20
Q

when someone is bedridden or paralyed (reduced stress on bones) what does that do for osteoblast activity?

A

it decreases, resulting in less bone density

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21
Q

where does cartilage grow in bone?

A

at the surface underneath the perichondrium or in the center

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22
Q

how is compact bone organized?

A

into osteons

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23
Q

what is the hollow space within the diaphysis of a long bone called?

A

the medullary cavity

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24
Q

what is used to produce bone in humans for the first time?

A

ossification

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25
Q

what attaches to the periosteum?

A

tendons and ligaments

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26
Q

what is another name for brittle bone disorder?

A

osteogenesis imperfecta

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27
Q

when is bone mass at its highest?

A

around age 30

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28
Q

what is an example of a short bone?

A

carpal or wrist bone or sesmoid

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29
Q

what do both methods, intramembranous and endochonral produce?

A

woven bone which is then remodeled into lamellar bone

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30
Q

what does calcitrol cause?

A

the gut to absortb more calcium

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31
Q

when cartilage grows at the surface underneath the perichondrium what is it called?

A

appositional growth

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32
Q

what is the most significant age related changes in the skeletal system?

A

the quality and quantity of bone matrix

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33
Q

what provides the bone from the periosteum?

A

blood vessels and nerves

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34
Q

since spongy bone has no osteons what does it also lack?

A

a central canal

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35
Q

what do blood vessels, osteoblasts and osteoclasts do during endochondrial ossification?

A

they penetrate the center to form the primary ossification center and woven bone

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36
Q

what is concentric lamellae?

A

circular layers of bone matrix that surround the central canal

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37
Q

what happens to the woven bone during bone repair?

A

it’s remodeled to make a strong repair

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38
Q

what happens to the chondrocytes in the center during endochondrial ossification?

A

they enlarge, calcify and die

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39
Q

what do osteoblasts form during appositional growth?

A

ridges around a periosteal blood vessel

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40
Q

after ossification forms woven bone, what takes place?

A

bone is then remodeled into lamellar bone

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41
Q

bone is broken into at lease 2 fragments

A

complete fracture

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42
Q

what is bone modeling done by?

A

BMUs of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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43
Q

what factors affect bone growth? (3)

A

1) adequate nutrition
2) level of growth hormone and thyroid hormones
3) reproductive hormones

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44
Q

what are the ossification regions formed during early fetal development?

A

primary ossification centers

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45
Q

what does intramembranous ossification form? (3)

A

1) the flat bones of the skull
2) some facial bones
3) part of the clavicles and mandible

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46
Q

what happens to the hyaline cartilage during endochondral ossification?

A

it remains at the ends and in the epiphyseal plates

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47
Q

how is woven bone formed?

A

from ossicfication

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48
Q

how does cartilage often occur?

A

in thin plates or sheets

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49
Q

what forms between the ends of the bone during bone damage?

A

a cartilage callus

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50
Q

where are chondrocytes located within?

A

lacunae

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51
Q

what does compact bone have?

A

osteons parallel to lines of stress

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52
Q

what is the function of the red marrow?

A

site of blood cell production

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53
Q

what are bones classified by?

A

shape

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54
Q

does the removal of mechanical stress on bones increase or decrease osteoblast activity?

A

decreases

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55
Q

what does calcitonin do?

A

inhibits osteoclasts and causes the kidneys to excrete more calcium

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56
Q

what do osteoblasts do first?

A

secrete the organic part of the matrix (collagen)

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57
Q

hyaline cartilage that covers long bone

A

articular cartilage

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58
Q

how does long bone grow?

A

in length

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59
Q

what is the structure of spongy bone?

A

it’s strong and light

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60
Q

what does spongy bone have?

A

bone marrow around the trabeculae

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61
Q

when cartilage grows in the center what is it called?

A

interstitial growth

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62
Q

what is the process of events to create bone? (5) (CCCBO)

A

1) Chondrocytes hypertrophy
2) Cartilage matrix calcifies
3) chondrocytes die
4) blood vessels grow into lacunae
5) Osteoblasts deposit bone

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63
Q

what does the epiphyseal plate consist of?

A

zones resting cartilage (nearest the epiphysis), proliferation, hypertrophy and calcification.

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64
Q

what does messenchymal cells do during intramembranous ossification? (3) (BSF)

A

1) become osteoblasts in an ossification center
2) secrete bone matrix
3) form trabeculae of woven bone

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65
Q

what does messenchyme form during endochonral ossification?

A

a hylaine cartilage model of the bone

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66
Q

what is an example of an irregular bone?

A

sphenoid bone from the skull or scapula

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67
Q

what initially accelerates bone growth?

A

reproductive hormones

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68
Q

in the zone of hypertrophy during long bone growth what is happening?

A

chondrcytes enlarge

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69
Q

how do reproductive hormone accelerate bone growth?

A

eventually the zone of calcification catches the zone of proliferation and the epiphyseal plate closes

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70
Q

what is red marrow and where is it located?

A

connective tissue in the spaces of spongy bone or medullary cavity (in diaphysis)

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71
Q

what do blood vessels, osteoblasts and osteoclasts penetrate the epiphysis to form?

A

secondary ossification centers

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72
Q

what is the diaphysis composed of?

A

primarily compact bone but it can also contain spongy bone

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73
Q

which cells are very large and multinucleate?

A

osteoclasts

74
Q

what does osteoblasts do?

A

build bone (ossification or osteogenesis)

75
Q

what does endochondral ossification form?

A

most of the bones of the skeleton

76
Q

to maintain calcium homeostasis what are blood calcium levels important for?

A

proper muscle and neuron function

77
Q

what shapes can bone be?

A

long, flat, short and irregular

78
Q

what is an example of reduced mechanical stress on bones?

A

someone who is bedridden or paralyzed

79
Q

what does pressure in bones cause?

A

electrical changes that increase the activity of osteoblasts

80
Q

what is the body from all the calcium?

A

a calcium reserve

81
Q

where do osteocytes live?

A

in lucunae between lamellae

82
Q

how does growth work with the epiphyseal plate?

A

cartilage growth followed by endochondral ossification results in growth in bone length

83
Q

what are calcium levels regulated by?

A

two hormones with opposite effects

84
Q

if blood calcium levels fall what do the parathyroids secrete?

A

PTH

85
Q

what do chondrocytes derive from?

A

chondroblasts

86
Q

what are the components of the skeletal system?

A

1) bones
2) cartilages
3) ligaments (bone to bone)
4) tendons (muscle to bone)
5) joints

87
Q

overactivity of which cells can cause hypocalcemia?

A

osteoblasts

88
Q

what does bone undergo?

A

repair when damaged

89
Q

when blood calcium level rises what does the thryoid release?

A

calcitonin

90
Q

what do osteons contain?

A

a central canal with blood vessels

91
Q

what is required for bone growth?

A

adequate nutrition

92
Q

when does bone formation begin?

A

8 weeks after fertilization as a connective tissue model is replaced by bone

93
Q

if secretion of PTH increases and osteoclast activity increases what happens to blood calcium levels?

A

it increases

94
Q

an incomplete fracture on the convex side of the curve of the bone

A

greenstick fracture

95
Q

what does short and irregular bones have?

A

spongy bone overlaid with compact bone

96
Q

what can be attributed to increased pressure on bone?

A

increased osteoblast activty and electrical charge changes

97
Q

is spongy bone random?

A

no

98
Q

what does woven bone tend to resemble?

A

spongy bone

99
Q

in the zone of proliferation during long bone growth what is happening?

A

hyaline cartilage grows by interstitial growth- increasing the length of the bone

100
Q

what type of lamellae are found in osteons?

A

concentric

101
Q

what eventually happens to the blood vessel during appostional growth?

A

it is enclosed and further growth forms an osteon

102
Q

what cell does PTH cause to become more active?

A

osteoclasts

103
Q

what happens to the osteochondral progenitor cells after blood vessels grow into the periochondrium during endochonrial ossification?

A

they become osteoblasts which lay down a thin layer of bone

104
Q

what is the englarged end with an epophyseal (growth) plate/line and articular cartilage on the end called?

A

the epiphysis

105
Q

what is woven bone formed with?

A

randomly oriented collagen fibers

106
Q

what is circumferential lamellae?

A

forms the outer surfaces of compact bone and are thin plates that extend around the bone.

107
Q

does calcitonin inrease or decrease blood calcium levels?

A

decreases

108
Q

do bones store vitamin D?

A

no

109
Q

during, long bone growth what occurs in adults?

A

the epiphyseal plate become the epiphyseal line

110
Q

what is interstitial lamellae?

A

remnants of concentric or circumferential lamellae that were partially removed during bone remodeling.

111
Q

how would bone be affected if the ratio of collagen to hydroxyapatite increased?

A

it would become less strong, more flexible and and less brittle

112
Q

during growth in length of long bone, cartilage forms and then ossifies, which zone does ossification occur?

A

calcification

113
Q

when someone is bedridden or paralyzed (reduced stress on bones) what does that do for osteoclast activity?

A

it continues at a nearly normal rate

114
Q

characteristics of the periosteum of a long bone

A

1) has an outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue

2) has an inner cellular layer with osteoblasts, osteoclasts and stem cells

115
Q

where does long bone growth occur?

A

at the epiphyseal (growth) plate

116
Q

which cells respond directly to mechanical stress?

A

osteocytes

117
Q

if the soft tissues around a closed fracture are damaged

A

complicated fracture

118
Q

what is yellow marrow and where is it found?

A

fat stored within the medullary cavity or the spaces of spongy bone

119
Q

occurs when an open wound extends to the site of fracture or when a fragment of bone protrudes through the skin

A

open fracture (compound)

120
Q

what extends into the bone from the periosteum?

A

collagen (preforating) fibers

121
Q

what does bone matrix contain?

A

collagen fibers (strong and flexible) and a calcium phosphate crystal called hydroxyapatite (hard and brittle) and has properties of both components

122
Q

what is another name for diaphysis?

A

shaft

123
Q

what does PTH cause? (3) (KOK)

A

1) the kidneys to retain more calcium
2) osteoclasts to release more calcium from bone
3) the kidneys release more calcitrol

124
Q

what does vitamin D do?

A

increases the absorption of calcium from the small intestine.

125
Q

what is bone remodeled into lamellar bone with?

A

collagen fibers arranged along lines of stress

126
Q

what does messenchyme form during intramembranous ossificatoin?

A

a membrane/sheet with then ossifies

127
Q

what does flat bones consist of?

A

a center of spongy bone between compact bone

128
Q

what type of process is bone remodeling?

A

a continuous process

129
Q

how does bone grow in the periosteum?

A

in diameter

130
Q

what is the bone remodeled to form during endochondrial ossification?

A

compact bone and marrow cavity

131
Q

what type of tissue is bone?

A

a living tissue

132
Q

how much of the skeleton is the body’s calcium?

A

99%

133
Q

when is the periosteum no have a double layered connective tissue membrane covering it?

A

when articular cartilage is present

134
Q

where does interstitial lamellae occur?

A

between osteons

135
Q

one fragment is driven into the spongy portion of another fragment type of fracture

A

impacted fracture

136
Q

what would chemical analysis reveal about someone with osteoperosis compared with someone with normal bones?

A

no difference because the problem with osteoporosis is one of bone quantity not chemical makeup

137
Q

what is an example of a long bone?

A

femur or thigh bone

138
Q

are all 3 types of cartilage associated with bone?

A

yes

139
Q

during long bone growth what grows on the epiphysis side of the epiphyseal plate?

A

cartilage

140
Q

what are the functions of the skeletal system? (5)

A

1) body support (ligaments)
2) organ protection
3) body movement (tendons)
4) mineral storage
5) blood cell production

141
Q

what two passageways or canals extend from the periosteum to the medullary canal?

A

volkmann canals and perforating canals

142
Q

what does hyaline cartilage form in bone?

A

1) growth plate in some bones

2) articular cartilage and most bones begin formation from a hylaine cartilage model

143
Q

what is the endosteum composed of?

A

osteoclasts, osteoblasts and stem cells

144
Q

what type of ossicication forms the inferior part of the occipital bone?

A

endochondral

145
Q

where are osteocytes found?

A

encased in empermeable matrix in lacunae connected to other osteocytes by cell extensions in canalicuil.

146
Q

what is an example of a cavity lined by an endosteum?

A

medullary cavity of the diaphysis and the smaller cavities in spongy and compact bone

147
Q

what are the zones of growth in the epiphyseal plate in order from starting in the epiphysis and ending in the diaphysis? (5)

A

1) Zone of resting cartilage
2) zone of proliferation
3) zone of hypertrophy
4) zone of calcification
5) zone of ossified bone

148
Q

what is the cartilage callus replaced by?

A

woven bone by osteoblasts

149
Q

what does spongy bone lack?

A

osteons

150
Q

what cells does calcitonin cause to become less acrive?

A

osteoclasts

151
Q

what is the structure of the long central part of a long bone?

A

composed mostly of compact bone, with a marrow cavity is the diaphysis

152
Q

a fracture where the skin is not perforated

A

closed fracture (simple)

153
Q

what attaches through the periosteum?

A

ligaments and tendons

154
Q

in the zone of calcification during long bone growth what is happening? (3) (CBO)

A

1) chondrocytes die
2) blood vessels invade the tissue
3) osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix

155
Q

what bone is damaged what happens?

A

blood forms a hematoma of clotted blood

156
Q

what happens during bone remodeling?

A

old matrix is degraded by osteoclasts and osteoblasts build new matrix

157
Q

what is associated with osteoclast resorption?

A

hydrogen ions form an acid environment in bone matrix

158
Q

what is an example of a flat bone?

A

parietal bone from roof of skull or sutural bone in the skull

159
Q

a fracture that does not extend completely across the bone

A

incomplete fracture

160
Q

what does spongy bone have many of?

A

small spaces

161
Q

a complete fracture in which the bone breaks into more than two pieces- usually two major fragments and a smaller fragment

A

comminuted fracture

162
Q

what is the epiphysis of the bone?

A

the part of the bone that develops from a center of ossification distinct from the diaphysis

163
Q

what cells are found in bone?

A

1) osteoblasts
2) osteocytes
3) osteoclasts
4) messenchymal cells

164
Q

does calcitrol increase or decrease blood calcium levels?

A

increases

165
Q

if the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases what happens to osteoclast activity?

A

it increases

166
Q

what is the skeleton usually thought to be?

A

the framework of the body

167
Q

when does a slow loss of compact bone begin?

A

around 40 and increases after 45

168
Q

what does compact bone look like?

A

it’s solid looking

169
Q

incomplete fracture in which two sections of bone do not separate

A

hairline fractures

170
Q

what does compact bone form?

A

the diaphysis

171
Q

where does red bone marrow form during intramembranous ossification and what happens ?

A

between the trabeculae and a periosteum forms

172
Q

what does adequate nutrition include for bone growth?

A

vitamins D and C

173
Q

what would be a consequence of a vitamin D deficiency ?

A

bones become soft and pliable

174
Q

what does compact bone have?

A

dense bone with few internal spaces

175
Q

what is the epiphyseal plate?

A

an area of hyaline cartilage between the diaphysis and epiphysis.

176
Q

what does osteoblasts do second?

A

encourage the deposition of calcium salts (calcification) and become osteocytes

177
Q

where is spongy bone mainly found?

A

in the epiphysis

178
Q

characteristics of the endosteum of long bone

A

1) single layer of connective tissue

2) lines internal surfaces of all cavities within bons

179
Q

what does appositional growth beneath the periosteum increase?

A

bone width

180
Q

how does mechanical stress placed on a bone affect bone remodeling?

A

makes it stronger

181
Q

a disease in adults that is characterized in sofenting of bones resulting from calcium depletion

A

osteomalacia

A&P 223 (50 decks)

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