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A&P I Test 2- Albertson > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Provides for generation of nerve impulses (AP) that communicate with and regulate most body tissues

A

Nervous tissue

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2
Q

Maintaining homeostasis is shared by what two systems?

A

Nervous system

Endocrine system

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3
Q

How does the nervous system regulate body activities?

A

Responding rapidly using nerve impulses

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4
Q

How does the endocrine system respond to body activities?

A

Slowly by use of hormones

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5
Q

Neurology

A

Deals with normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system

Neurologist

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6
Q

The central nervous system is made up of what?

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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7
Q

The peripheral nervous system is made up of what?

A

Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Peripheral nerves

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8
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory
Integrative
Motor

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9
Q

How does sensory function in the nervous system?

A
  • Receptors (detect changes inter/external)
  • Sensory never cells (neurons) carry sensory info from receptors to the brain and spinal cord
  • Sensory neurons are AFFERENT neurons
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10
Q

How does integrative function in the nervous system?

A
  • Analyze and store info
  • Make decisions
  • Integrative neurons are interneurons, relatively short neurons in the brain, spinal cord, and ganglia that connect nearby neurons
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11
Q

How does motor function in the nervous system?

A
  • Respond to decision
  • Motor neurons carry information from brain and spinal cord to effectors (muscles or glands)
  • Motor neurons are EFFERENT neurons
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12
Q

What is the general organization of the nervous system?

A

Somatic
Autonomic
Enteric

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13
Q

Somatic

A
  • Sensation from body walls, limbs, head, special senses

- Motor control of skeletal muscle (voluntary)

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14
Q

Autonomic

A
  • Sensation from internal organs like heart, lungs, bladder

- Motor control of smooth and cardiac muscle, glands (involuntary)

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15
Q

Enteric

A
  • Sensation from gastrointestinal tract

- Motor control of smooth muscle and glands of GI (involuntary)

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16
Q

Consists of all nervous tissue outside the CNS

A

PNS

  • Somatic nervous system (SNS)
  • Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
  • Enteric nervous system (ENS)
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17
Q

An association (bundle) of neural axons in the peripheral nervous system (Includes dendrites and other tissue)

A

Nerve

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18
Q

Group of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS (plus associated tissue)

A

Ganglion

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19
Q

Association (a bundle) of neuronal axons in the CNS

A

Tract

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20
Q

An ossification (a bundle) of (unmyelinated) nerve cell bodies in the CNS)

A

Nucleus

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21
Q

Network of nerves

A

Plexus

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22
Q

Cells that possess electrical excitability (can do an AP)

A

Neurons

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23
Q

Cells of the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect the neurons

A

Neuroglia

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24
Q

Are there more or less neuroglia than neurons?

A

Yes

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25
Q

What are the basic parts of a neuron?

A

The cell body

Nerve fibers comprising

  • an axon
  • dendrites
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26
Q

The cytoplasm of an axon

A

Axoplasm

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27
Q

The plasmalemma of axon

A

Axolemma

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28
Q

Dendrites (little trees)

A
  • the receiving position of a neuron

- typically short, tapering, highly branched

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29
Q

Axon

A
  • Single axon per neuron
  • Propagates impulses to another neuron, muscle, or nerve
  • Aprox three feet long in humans
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30
Q

What happens if the axon is cut

A

The distal fragment dies

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31
Q

What does the axon contain?

A

Mitochondria
Microtubules
Neurofibrils

Does not contain RER so protein synthesis does not occur in axon

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32
Q

What are neurofibrils and what do they do?

A

Intermediate filaments

Provide cell shape and support

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33
Q

What are microtubules and what do they do?

A

Tubulin

Participate in moving material between the cell body and axon

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34
Q

In a typical neuron what are the specialized cells that aren’t in the most common cells?

A

Nissan bodies

- prominent clusters of rough ER

35
Q

The axon typically arises from an elevation in the cell body called

A

Axon hillock (= small hill)

36
Q

What is the first part of an axon called before the axon hillock?

A

Initial segment

37
Q

Where do impulses (AP) generally arise from?

A

The tigger zone

- junction of the hillock and initial segment

38
Q

What may branch off main axons?

A

Axon collateral

39
Q

Axon and collaterals end by dividing into? Which end in ether?

A

Axon terminals (telodendria)

Synaptic end bulbs
Or
Varicosities

40
Q

Synaptic end bulbs and varicosities are what?

A

Bulb-shaped structures

String of swollen bumps

41
Q

What is a present in many neurons, yellowish brown pigment, accumulates with age

A

Lipofuscin

42
Q

What is slow axonal transport?

A

One-way only, from cell body to axon terminals

Transports axoplasm to growing or regenerating axons

43
Q

What is fast axonal transport?

A

Two-way transport, both toward and away from cell body

A lot faster then slow

Transport organelles and materials that used to form axolemma membranes, synaptic end bulbs, and synaptic vesicles

44
Q

Where is the multipolar neuron found and what does it have?

A

Brain and spinal cord, motor neurons

Several short dendrite, one axon

45
Q

Where is the bipolar neuron found and what does it have?

A

In special sensory organs

One main dendrite, one axon

46
Q

Where is the unipolar neuron found and what does it have?

A

Typical sensory neuron

Axon and dendritic are fused into a single process for a short distance, then split

Peripheral process

Central process

47
Q

Receptors, with dendrites at distal end; carries impulses toward the CELL BODY

A

Peripheral process

48
Q

Carries impulses toward the CNS

A

Central process

49
Q

What are GABAergic neurons?

A

Purkinje cells

50
Q

What is the primary neural cell type in the corticospinal tract?

A

Pyramidal neurons

51
Q

Characteristics of neuroglia

A
  • Not excitable cells
  • Smaller
  • Play supporting role
  • Make up 1/2 volume of CNS
  • Neuroglia multiply to fill in the spaces formerly occupied by neurons
52
Q

Neuroglia of the CNS

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

53
Q

Neuroglia of PNS

A 
Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)
Satellite cells
54
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Regulate composition of ECF in CNS

Help form the blood brain barrier

Take up excess neurotransmitters

Influence formation of neural synapses

55
Q

What do oligodendroctes do?

A

Myelinated axons in the CNS

56
Q

What do microglia do?

A

Phagocytes of the CNS

57
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

Line the ventricles of the brain

Produce, monitor, and aid in circulation of CSF

Help form the blood-CSF barrier

58
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Myelinated axons in the PNS

59
Q

What is myelination produced by?

A

Schwann cells (PNS)

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

60
Q

What is Myelin?

A

Multilayered complex of lipids and proteins

61
Q

Myelin prevents loss of electrical signal; speeds up conduction of nerve impulses

A

Insulate axons

62
Q

Can a Schwann cell and or oligodendrocyte be associated with a unmyelinated neuron

A

Yes

63
Q

What does myelination require?

A

Glial cell to have wrapped its plasma membrane around the axon many times

64
Q

What is the outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell?

A

Nurolemma

65
Q

Unmyelinated axons can be associated with Schwann cells, they lay in grooves on surface of cell but what is there none of?

A

Myelin sheath

Neurolemma

66
Q

What is contained in the neurolemma?

A

Nucleus and all the cytoplasm

Not be confused with axolemma

67
Q

Only on nerve fibers supplied by potentially myelin-producing cells; gaps between myelinating cells (where no myelin)

A

Nodes of Ranvier

Found in PNS and CNS

68
Q

What surrounds the nerve fiber of the Schwann cells?

A

Endoneurium

69
Q

What is NOT present in the CNS because the olugodendrocyte cell body and nucleus cell body do NOT envelope the axon

A

Neurolemma

Also do not have node of ranvier

70
Q

A region predominantly filled with myelinated tract fibers. Why is it colored this?

A

White matter

The myelin produces whiteish color

71
Q

A region predominantly filled with neuronal cell bodies. Why is it colored this?

A

Gray matter

Little or no myelin

Nissl bodies impart a gray color

72
Q

Electrical voltage difference across membrane

A

Membrane potential

73
Q

How do neurons communicate with one another? Two types of electrical signals

A

Action potentials (nerve impulses)

Graded potentials

74
Q

Which electrical signals are for short distance (localized)?

A

Graded potentials

75
Q

For both short and long distance communication within the body. All or none.

A

AP

76
Q

Both electrical signals depend on two features

A

Existence of a resting membrane potential

Presence of specific ion channels

77
Q

Opposite charges are separated in space their attractive for is?

A

Potential

Measured in volts

78
Q

Flow of charged atoms or molecules and what are two types?

A

Current

Electrical current: flow of electrons
Body current: flow of ions

79
Q

Not gated; randomly open and close

A

Leakage channels

80
Q

Neurotransmitter; channels open and close in repose to ligand binding

A

Ligand-gated channels

81
Q

Response to mechanical stimuli (pressure)

A

Mechanically gated channels

82
Q

Open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential

A

Voltage-gated channels

83
Q

Voltage difference measured across the plasma membrane when the neuron isn’t signaling

A

Resting membrane potential

84
Q

Average resting membrane potential

A

-70mV

A&P I Test 2- Albertson (4 decks)

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