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A&P I Test 2- Albertson > Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissues?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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2
Q

Alternating light and dark bands seen under the microscope and which muscles are these?

A

Striated

Skeletal
Cardiac

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3
Q

Are skeletal muscles voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

- Under conscious control (although many are also controlled subconsciously)

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4
Q

Are cardiac muscles voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

- not under conscious control

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5
Q

Where are smooth muscles located?

A

Blood vessels
Airways
Abdominopelvic organs

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6
Q

Does not exhibit alternating light and dark bands when viewed under the microscope and which muscle has this?

A

Non- striated

Smooth

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7
Q

Are smooth muscles voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

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8
Q

What are the muscle tissue functions?

A
  • Producing body movements
  • Stabilizing body positions
  • Storing and moving substances within the body
  • Generating heat (thermogenesis)
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9
Q

Properties of muscle tissue

A
  • Electrical excitability (carry and respond to APs)
  • Contractility (stimulated by AP)
  • Extensibility (stretch w/o being damaged)
  • Elasticity (return to original shape)
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10
Q

What is a single cell muscle?

A

Fiber (myofiber)

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11
Q

Bundle of muscle fibers (cells)

A

Fascicle

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12
Q

An organelle in a muscle fiber composed of filaments

A

Myofibril

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13
Q

Fibrous protein molecules within myofibrils (the thick and think filaments that are the contractile proteins)

A

Filaments

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14
Q

What surrounds a fiber?

A

Endomysium

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15
Q

What surrounds a fascicle?

A

Perimysium

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16
Q

What surrounds the entire muscle?

A

Epimysium

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17
Q

What is a broad flat tendon and what blends together to make them?

A

Aponeurosis

Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium

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18
Q

Which nerve cell supplies a group of muscle fibers?

A

Somatic Motor Neuron

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19
Q

How many neurons supply each muscle fiber?

A

Only one

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20
Q

Where does the neuron contact the muscle fiber?

A

Neuromuscular junction

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21
Q

What are skeletal muscles well supplied with and what accompanies it?

A

Nerves and Blood vessels

An artery and one or two veins usually accompany each nerve

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22
Q

Each muscle fiber is in close contact with one or more capillaries. What do these do?

A
  • Provide nutrients and oxygen

- Remove heat and waste products of muscle metabolism

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23
Q

What happens to form one skeletal muscle fiber during embryonic development?

A

Myoblasts fuse

- this is why skeletal muscle fibers are multinucleate

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24
Q

The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber and enclosed the sarcoplasm and myofibrils

A

Sarcolemma

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25
Q

Just inside the sarcolemma (numerous)

A

Nuclei

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26
Q

The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcoplasm

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27
Q

Bundles of filaments that are the contractile elements of the cell (striated appearance)

A

Myofibrils

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28
Q

Opening from the outside of the fiber toward the interior of the fiber

A

T-tubules (transverse tubules)

  • propagate APs
  • filled with interstitial fluid
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29
Q

Stores calcium ions and releases them when the muscle fiber is stimulated

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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30
Q

Dilated regions that flank T-tubules

A

Terminal cisterns

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31
Q

What are two terminal cisterns flanking one T- tubule

A

Triad

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32
Q

Myofibrils are made of smaller structures called filaments. What are the two types and what proteins do they have?

A

Thin

  • Actin: contractile proteins
  • Troponin: regulatory protein
  • Tropomyosin: regulatory protein

Thick
- Myosin: contractile protein

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33
Q

How many thin filaments to thick filaments are there?

A

Two think filaments for every thick filament

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34
Q

Filaments inside the myofibrils are arranged in carport nets called?

A

Sarcomeres

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35
Q

What is a long chain of sarcomeres?

A

Myofibril

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36
Q

Thick and think filaments overlap to a varying degree depending on what?

A

The contraction state of the muscle

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37
Q

In the sarcomeres thin and thick filaments overlap to a degree causing….

A 
Z discs 
A band 
I band 
H zone 
M line
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38
Q

Where adjacent sarcomeres abut; center of an I band

A

Z discs

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39
Q

Darker zone, which comprises the length of the thick filaments and a varying overlap of thin filaments

A

A band

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40
Q

Only thin filaments

A

I band

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41
Q

Center of an A band; only thick filaments

A

H zone

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42
Q

Midline of a sarcomere

A

M line

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43
Q

The heads (cross bridges) of the myosin molecules do what?

A
  • Bind and hydrolyze ATP (myosin ATPhase); also bind products of ATP hydrolysis (ADP and phosphate)
  • Change shape ( move toward or away from M line)
  • Bind reversibly
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44
Q

In the thin filament each individual actin molecule has?

A

A myosin- binding site

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45
Q

What happens at rest of the thin filament?

A

Regulatory proteins troponin and tropomyosin form complex that covers these sites

46
Q

In the thin filaments what allows contraction to begin and what is movement triggered by?

A

Movement is triggered by calcium binding to troponin

Movement of troponin-tropomyosin complex allows contraction

47
Q

What three categories comprise muscle fiber proteins?

A

Contractile proteins

  • myosin
  • actin

Regulatory proteins

  • troponin
  • tropomyosin

Structural proteins

  • titin
  • myomesin
  • dystrophin
  • sarcolemmal proteins
48
Q

Each molecule spans half a sarcomere, from a Z disc to an M line, and attaches thick filaments to Z discs and M lines and what does it do?

A

Titin

- very elastic and helps sarcomere return to its resting length

49
Q

Binds to titin and holds thick filaments in position from side to side, and form the M line

A

Myomesin

50
Q

Links the thin filaments of sarcomeres to integral membrane proteins in the sarcolemma and what does it do?

A

Dystrophin

-thereby transmitting the tension generated by the sarcomeres through the connective tissues of the muscle to tendons

51
Q

What is the most common muscular dystrophy?

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

52
Q

What happens in DMD?

A

The gene that codes for the protein is mutated, resulting in little or no dystrophin in the sarcolemma

53
Q

What happens to the sarcolemma when it is absent of dystrophin in DMD?

A

Sarcolemma tears easily during muscle contraction, causing muscle fibers to rupture and die

54
Q

Is the synapse between a somatic motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular junction

55
Q

Synaptic end bulbs at the tips of axon terminals contain what and are filled with what?

A

Synaptic vesicles
Acetylcholine (ACh)
- which carries the impulse across the synaptic cleft

56
Q

What is the region of the sarcolemma opposite the synaptic end bulb?

A

The motor end plate

57
Q

What binds to the ACh in the sarcolemma?

A

Acetylcholine receptors

- millions of these proteins are in deep grooves in motor end plate called junctional folds

58
Q

What happens when the two molecules of ACh?

A

Opens an ion channel in the ACh receptor allowing cations most importantly Na+, to flow across the membrane

59
Q

What happens when there is an inflow of Na+?

A

Inside of the muscle fiber more positively charged, triggering an AP

60
Q

What blocks exocytosis of synaptic vesicles at the NMJ?

A

Clostridium botulinum produces botulinum toxin

61
Q

How does Botox work?

A

Causes muscle paralysis by binding to and blocking ACh receptors, preventing ion channels from opening

62
Q

What show the enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase allowing ACh to linger longer in synaptic cleft

A

Anticholinesterase agents

63
Q

What happens during the contraction cycle?

A
  1. Myosin heads hydrolyze ATP and become reoriented and energized
  2. Myosin heads bind to actin, forming cross bridges
  3. Myosin cross bridges rotate toward center of the sarcomere (power stroke)
  4. As myosin heads bind ATP, the cross bridges detach from actin
64
Q

What are two important point of the contraction cycle?

A
  • Myosin cross bridges detach only when ATP binds to the myosin heads
  • Contraction cycle continues as long as ATP is available and the CA2+ concentration in the sarcoplasm is high
65
Q

What are the changes in length during contraction?

A

H zone and I band decrease

A band width remains the same

Sarcomere length decreases

Thick and thin filaments do NOT change length (they slide)

66
Q

The length of individual fibers remain ________, although the overall length _______ with ________ and _________. The _____ band width is constant, but the ____ and ____ bands are not.

A 
Constant
Changes 
Contraction 
Relaxation 
A
H
I
67
Q

Characteristics of rigor mortis

A
  • starts 3-4 house after death
  • cell membranes no maintained and leak Ca++
  • Ca++ still binds to troponin-tropomyosin complex, allows one power stroke
  • cells no longer produce APT, cross bridges cannot detach from actin, procuring rigidity
  • disappear 24 hours after death, proteolytic enzymes form lysosomes digest the cross bridges
68
Q

What is the increase in diameter of muscle fibers?

A

Muscular hypertrophy

69
Q

Increase in size of tissues and organ due to an increase in the number of cells

A

Hyperplasia

- Smooth muscle of the airway, vascular system, and urogenital tract

70
Q

Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or entire body; accompanied by diminished function

A

Atrophy

71
Q

Binds oxygen in muscle cells and releases it when needed by the mitochondria during high levels of aerobic respiration

A

Myoglobin

  • red-colored protein
  • found only in muscle
  • similar to hemoglobin
72
Q

What are the uses for ATP in muscle contraction?

A
  • Na+ -K+ pumps
  • Calcium ion pumping
  • Energize the myosin head in prep for the power stroke
73
Q

Active transport; necessary to terminate contraction

A

Calcium ion pumping

74
Q

Active transport; maintain concentration gradients across the sarcolemma; necessary for producing AP

A

Na+ -K+ pump

75
Q

ATP production is via

A
  • Creatine phosphate
  • Glycolysis
  • Aerobic respiration
76
Q

Two significant points about ATP in muscle fibers

A
  • Cells don’t store ATP in significant amounts

- ATP must be made at the same rate that is it used

77
Q

How long does the ATP from glycolysis

A

30-40 minutes

78
Q

What can ATP present inside muscle fibers do?

A

Power contractions

79
Q

What can provide maximum contraction?

A

Creatine phosphate plus pre-existing ATP

80
Q

How long does ATP production from aerobic cellular respiration

A

Lasts indefinitely

81
Q

Where is the usual sources of Creatine in the body and where is it derived from foods?

A

Synthesis in liver, kidneys, pancreas

Milk, red meat, some fish

82
Q

How much Creatine do adults need per day and what happens if they ingest extra?

A

2 grams

Investing extra will decrease the body’s own synthesis of Creatine

83
Q

What does one nerve impulse in a motor neuron cause?

A

One AP in neurons and muscles fibers of that motor unit

84
Q

Record of a muscle contraction

A

Myogram

85
Q

Begins upon stimulation and commonly lasts into the early part of the contraction period, duration varies

A

Refractory periods

86
Q

The muscle action potential sweeps over the sarcolemma, and Ca++ are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Latent period

87
Q

Ca++ binds to troponin resulting in exposure of myosin binding sites on actin, cross bridges form; peak tension develops in the muscle fiber

A

Contraction period

88
Q

Activity transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, myosin binding site are covered by tropomyosin, myosin heads detach from actin; tension in the muscle fiber decreases

A

Relaxation period

89
Q

What happens if second stimulus is applied after refractory period

A

Skeletal muscle will respond to both stimuli

90
Q

What happens if the second stimulus occurs after the refractory period but before the muscle fiber has relaxed

A

The seconds will be stronger than the first

91
Q

More what will be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during wave stimulation

A

More Ca++ = more Contraction

92
Q

Muscle fibers vary in?

A
  • their content of myoglobin
  • speed of contraction/ relaxation
  • metabolic reaction used to generate ATP
  • how quick they fatigue

(These factors are all interrelated)

93
Q

What is the difference between red and white fibers

A

Red muscle fibers

  • abundant myoglobin
  • have mitochondria (generate ATP)
  • well-supplies by blood capillaries

White muscle fibers
- less of each of these above

94
Q

Slow oxidative (SO) fibers capacity for generating ATP and functions

A

High capacity, by aerobic (oxygen- requiring) cellular respiration

Functions:
-maintaining posture and aerobic endurance activities

95
Q

Fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers capacity for generating ATP and functions

A

Intermediate capacity, by both aerobic (oxygen-requiring) cellular respiration and anaerobic (not require oxygen) cellular respiration (glycolysis)

Functions:

  • Walking
  • Sprinting
96
Q

Fast glycolytic (FG) fibers capacity for generating ATP and functions

A

Low capacity; by anaerobic cellular respiration (glycolysis)

Functions:

  • Rapid
  • Intense movements of short duration
97
Q

Why does cardiac muscle remain contracted longer than skeletal muscle

A

Prolonged delivery of Ca++ ions into the sarcoplasm

98
Q

What muscle fibers are branched

A

Cardiac muscle fibers

99
Q

Muscle fibers of cardiac muscle exhibit what?

A

Autorhythmicity

  • interconnectedness of fibers result in synchronous contraction
  • altered by autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
100
Q

What does cardiac muscle have more of than skeletal muscle?

A

Mitochondria (larger/more numerous)

- has greater dependence on aerobic respiration to generate ATP

101
Q

What does the sarcoplasm contain in smooth muscle tissue?

A

Both thick and thin filaments

But filaments are not arranged in orderly sarcomeres so no striations

102
Q

What do the intermediate filaments do in the smooth muscle tissues?

A

Attach to dense bodies, which are functionally similar to Z discs found in striated muscle are found in the sarcoplasm and the sarcolemma

103
Q

What are the two types of smooth muscle?

A

Single- unit smooth muscle tissue (AKA visceral smooth muscle tissue) (most common)
- Multiunit smooth muscle tissue

104
Q

Lack gap junctions and contract independently

A

Multiunit smooth muscle fibers

105
Q

Connect to one another by gap junction and contract as single unit

A

Visceral (single-unit) smooth muscle fibers

106
Q

Where are single unit smooth muscle tissue found?

A

Wraparound sheets forming part of walls of

  • small arteries
  • veins
  • hollow organs
  • stomach
  • small intestines
107
Q

Where are multiunit smooth muscle tissue found?

A

Walls of

  • large arteries
  • lung airways
  • arrectores pilorum
  • intrinsic muscles of eye
108
Q

Feelings of tiredness and desire to cease activity (protection to stop before getting hurt)

A

Central fatigue

109
Q

What are some things that can lead to muscle fatigue?

A
  • Inadequate release of Ca++ ions
  • depletion of Creatine phosphate
  • insufficient oxygen
  • deletion of glycogen
  • build up of lactic acid
  • failed AP in motor neuron to release enough acetylcholine
110
Q

Keeps skeletal muscles firm but foes not cause movement

A

Muscle tone

111
Q

Neuromuscular disease: disease or damage of the components of a motor unit (problems at these sites)

A
  • Somatic motor neuron
  • Neuromuscular junctions
  • Muscle Fibers
112
Q

Autoimmune disease that causes chronic, progressive damage of neuromuscular junction by producing antibodies that bind to and black acetylcholine receptors

A

Myasthenia gravis

A&P I Test 2- Albertson (4 decks)

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