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PPL Course - (2) RPL > Chapter 5.3 - Engine Controls & Handling > Flashcards

Chapter 5.3 - Engine Controls & Handling Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three main Engine Controls?

A
  • Throttle.
  • Mixture Control.
  • Carburettor Heat Control.
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2
Q

Name five in-flight Engine Operations with limitations?

A
  • Engine Speed (RPM).
  • Oil Temperature and Pressure.
  • Cylinder Head Temperature.
  • Fuel-air Mixture Setting.
  • Fuel Pressure.
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3
Q

Why is there a ‘Maximum RPM’ limit?

A

To ensure the Engine will not be overstressed and damaged.

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4
Q

Why is there a Minimum/Maximum Oil Temperature limit?

A
  • Below Minimum Oil range will be too cold and thick to provide adequate lubrication.
  • Above Maximum Oil range the Engine will overheat and cause damage.
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5
Q

Why is there a ‘Minimum Oil Pressure’ limit?

A

To ensure there is enough Oil feeding to the Engine.

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6
Q

Why is there a Minimum/Maximum CHT?

A

To avoid damage to the Cylinders of an Engine.

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7
Q

What does MC stand for?

A

Maximum Continuous.

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8
Q

Define MC Power?

A

Maximum power that can be maintained continuously by an Engine.

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9
Q

Name two measurements power output of an Engine?

A
  • Kilowatts (kW).

- Brake Horsepower (BHP).

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10
Q

The pressure in the Induction Manifold varies according to which two factors?

A
  • Throttle Settings.

- Atmospheric Pressure.

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11
Q

To maintain a Constant Engine Speed as height is increased, the Throttle must be what?

A

Opened Progressively.

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12
Q

Name 4 different characteristics which can affect an Engine’s Power Output?

A
  • Size and Design of Engine.
  • Condition of the Engine.
  • The Valve.
  • Ignition Timing.
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13
Q

Atmospheric Density can affect what setting?

A

Fuel-air Mixture Setting.

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14
Q

How should the Throttle be moved?

A

With smooth and positive action.

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15
Q

What’s the quickest the Throttle should be opened from closed?

A

1 second (one and two).

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16
Q

What happens if a Pilot moves the Throttle too quickly?

A

Can overstress the Engine.

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17
Q

What is the Best Power Mixture?

A

Slightly Richer than CCM.

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18
Q

The Carburettor is designed to give the best power fuel-air mixture at sea-level on a standard day. However, with higher temperatures and Altitude, the fuel-air mixture can become richer than normal. How can a pilot amend this?

A

With the use of Manual Mixture Control, to enable a Pilot to lean the mixture.

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19
Q

Under conditions of decreased density what happens to the fuel-air mixture?

A

Becomes richer.

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20
Q

An extremely Over-Lean mixture can cause an outcome leading to what?

A

Fuel Starvation and eventually the Engine will stop.

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21
Q

An Over-Lean mixture may be indicated by the Engine doing what?

A

Backfiring.

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22
Q

Name three consequences of having an Over-Rich mixture?

A
  • Rough running of the Engine.
  • Fouled Spark Plugs.
  • High Fuel Consumption.
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23
Q

An Over-Rich mixture is indicated by what?

A

Black-smoke from the Exhaust.

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24
Q

What is Detonation?

A

Premature explosive burning of the fuel-air charge in the Cylinders.

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25
Q

How does Detonation occur (2)?

A
  • Temperature and/or Pressure is too high.

- Fuel has lower than specified Octane Rating.

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26
Q

How can a Pilot detect Detonation in the Engine?

A

Loud ‘pinging’ sound and rough running of the Engine.

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27
Q

What can Detonation lead to?

A

Loss of Engine Power, which can result in, Engine Failure.

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28
Q

True or False. The lower the Octane Rating, the better the anti-detonation property?

A

False.

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29
Q

If Detonation is suspect, what should a Pilot aim to do?

A

Reduce the combustion temperature.

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30
Q

How can a Pilot reduce Detonation (3)?

A
  • Enriching the Mixture.
  • Carburettor is Off.
  • Reduce Power.
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31
Q

True or False. Increasing Air Speed can assist with treating Detonation?

A

True. Increasing Air Speed can help cool the Engine.

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32
Q

The best way to avoid Detonation at high power settings is to do what (2)?

A
  • Mixture is always Rich.

- Correct Grade of Fuel is used.

33
Q

True or False. Pre-Ignition is like Detonation?

A

True.

34
Q

Name two functions of the Mixture Control?

A
  • Leaning Fuel for Economic Cruising.

- Stopping the Engine.

35
Q

At what percentage of MC power is the Mixture Control used to Lean the Fuel-air mixture?

A

Below 75%.

36
Q

Name two examples of decreased density conditions, where Leaning the Fuel-air Mixture is appropriate?

A
  • Climbs above 5000ft.

- Operations at High Altitude Airports.

37
Q

How does a Pilot lean the Fuel-air Mixture for Cruise?

A

Move the mixture control until Engine Speed Peaks (before Engine runs rough).

38
Q

All takeoffs should be made with the Mixture Control in what position?

A

Full Rich.

39
Q

What factor of Engine handling should a Pilot be wary of when commencing a descent?

A

Preventing the Engine from getting too cold.

40
Q

At what position should the Mixture control be during descent?

A

Enriched progressively or set as fully rich position.

41
Q

When descending through a prolong glide, the Engine should be warmed periodically, for every 1000ft of descent. What percentage of MC power should be used?

A

50-60%

42
Q

Name 4 reasons why an Engine should be kept warm during descent on a glide?

A
  • Clear Engine of any Carbon.
  • Ensure Engine is responsive when power is needed.
  • Keep Oil at its correct temperature.
  • Reduce the risk of Carburettor Icing.
43
Q

Severe Carburettor Icing appears at mild temperatures with high humidity? What is the degree Celsius and humidity level for Carburettor Icing?

A
  • 16°C.

- Above 50% Humidity.

44
Q

Carburettor Icing can also form at low power settings, particularly during which stage of flight?

A

Part or Closed Throttle Descent.

45
Q

What is the first indication of Carburettor Icing on Aircraft’s with fixed-pitch propellers?

A

Gradual reduction in RPM at constant throttle.

46
Q

When is Throttle Ice more likely to occur?

A

At low power settings during part-throttle descent.

47
Q

How does Impact Ice occur (2)?

A
  • Outside temperature below freezing (0°C to -25°C).

- Visible moisture in the form of Cloud.

48
Q

True or False. Impact Ice can occur during VFR flight and why?

A

False. Under VFR Pilot are not allowed to fly through clouds.

49
Q

How is the air heated before reaching the Carburettor Heat Control?

A

The air is heated around the Exhaust Manifold.

50
Q

The Carburettor Head Control is used for preventing and removing what?

A

Ice build-up.

51
Q

When Ice is suspected in an aircraft, what should a Pilot do and what affect will this have (2)?

A
  • Apply Full Carburettor Heat.

- Further decrease in RPM.

52
Q

If no Ice is present, what changes will be made to the RPM, until the Carburettor Heat is turned off?

A

No further change in RPM.

53
Q

If Ice is present and Carburettor Heat is set as ‘On’, what will happen to the RPM?

A

Increase as Ice is removed.

54
Q

To prevent icing on descent what should a Pilot do?

A

Set Carburettor Heat Control to Full Heat.

55
Q

To maximise the amount of heated air from the exhaust when should Carburettor Heat be switched ON?

A

Before the Throttle is closed.

56
Q

What does CAT stand for?

A

Carburettor Air Temperature.

57
Q

What is the optimum Carburettor Air Temperature?

A

25°C – 30°C.

58
Q

True or False. Carburettor Heat decreases Engine performance?

A

True.

59
Q

Why should Carburettor Heat not be used when full-power is required?

A

It may increase the operating temperature of the Engine and even cause Detonation.

60
Q

What happens to Engine performance when Carburettor Heat is ‘On’?

A

Reduces the power output (RPM).

61
Q

How can the loss of power generated from Carburettor Heat being ‘On’ affect the Aircraft (2)?

A
  • Reduce Rate of Climb.

- Decrease Airspeed.

62
Q

What are the three main factors causing power reduction from Carburettor Heat being ‘On’ during full-power?

A
  • Decrease in air density.
  • Over-rich Mixture.
  • Loss of Ram air pressure.
63
Q

Carburettor Heat should be set as what before Landing and why (2)?

A
  • OFF.

- In case extra power is needed to perform a ‘Go-Around’.

64
Q

If severe icing conditions are suspected on ground, when should a Pilot use Carburettor Heat (2)?

A
  • Pre-takeoff Ground Check.

- During Taxiing.

65
Q

Safety Precaution for Start-up: What should a Pilot call when starting the Propeller?

A

Clear Propeller.

66
Q

Safety Precaution for Start-up: Why should a Pilot never re-engage the starter while the Propeller is still turning?

A

This can damage the Starter Motor.

67
Q

Safety Precaution for Start-up: How long should a Pilot engage the Starter Motor and why (2)?

A
  • Short periods only.

- To avoid overheating the Starter Motor and Battery.

68
Q

Safety Precaution for Start-up: When starting a cold Engine, what mark reading on the Tachometer should not be exceeded after the first minute of operation?

A

1000 RPM.

69
Q

Safety Precaution for Start-up: If the Oil Pressure doesn’t not register within the first 30 seconds of starting, what should a Pilot do?

A

Stop the Engine.

70
Q

A significant part of the Engine warm-up occurs at which stage of flight?

A

Taxiing.

71
Q

How does a Pilot check if the Carburettor Heat Control is working?

A

Apply full Carburettor Heat at 1500-1600 RPM, there will be a 150 RPM decrease on the Tachometer to show the control is working.

72
Q

If there are signs of rough Engine operation and/or sluggish acceleration at high RPM, with Mixture in full rich and Carburettor Heat ‘Off’ during the early part of Takeoff. What should a Pilot do?

A

Abandon Takeoff.

73
Q

Safety Precaution for Pre-Takeoff: Why should a Pilot not operate for more than 10-15 seconds on a single Magneto?

A

This can cause Spark Plug Fouling.

74
Q

Safety Precaution for Pre-Takeoff: All Takeoffs should be made with the Carburettor Heat Control set as?

A

OFF (Cold).

75
Q

The use of Carburettor Heat should not be used above which power setting?

A

75% or above MC.

76
Q

Preventing Engine Overheating during Ground Operations: What position should the Aircraft be facing?

A

Into-wind.

77
Q

Preventing Engine Overheating during Ground Operations: Conduct all ground operations with the Mixture Control in which position?

A

Full Rich.

78
Q

Preventing Engine Overheating during Ground Operations: True or False. An Aircraft should never exceed the maximum specified ground RPM?

A

True.

79
Q

Preventing Engine Overheating during Ground Operations: Why should a Pilot avoid prolonged idling out of wind?

A

Prolonged idling will cause Spark Plug Fouling.

PPL Course - (2) RPL (18 decks)

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