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BCSE Microanatomy I > Final Exam - Urinary System > Flashcards

Final Exam - Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the tissue.

A

kidney

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2
Q

The functional unit of the kidney is the __________

A

nephron

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3
Q

The __________ includes the glomerulus and all tubule segments through the connecting segment

A

nephron

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4
Q

Identify the structures labeled ‘G’ in this H&E section of the renal cortex

A

glomeruli

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5
Q

Identify the structrures indicated by the arrows in this section of the kidney

A

renal corpuscles

**These are a distinctive feature of kidney cortex

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6
Q

_____________: network of capillaries that perform the first step in filtering blood

A

glomerulus

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7
Q

_____________: functional unit of the kidney; site of osmoregulation via filtration of small molecules from blood plasma to form a filtrate and selective reabsorption of most of the water and other molecules from the filtrate; = glomerulus + all tubule segments

A

nephron

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8
Q

_____________: end of the glomerular capsule where the afferent arteriole enters and the efferent arteriole exits

A

vascular pole

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9
Q

_____________: end of the glomerular capsule opposite the vascular pole where the proximal convoluted tubule begins

A

urinary pole

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10
Q

_____________: specialized cells of the distal convoluted tubule adjacent to specialized smooth muscle cells (juxtaglomerular cells) of the afferent and efferent arterioles

A

macula densa

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11
Q

_____________: specialized smooth muscle cells of mainly afferent and to a lesser degree efferent arteriole; detect variations in blood pressure (baroreceptors) and secrete renin into vessel lumen

A

juxtaglomerular cells

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12
Q

__________: aa. and vv. within the kidneys

A

arcuate vessels

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13
Q

__________: arteriole bringing blood to glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole

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14
Q

__________: arteriole draining blood from glomerulus

A

efferent arteriole

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15
Q

__________: phagocytic, contractile cells that have receptors for angiotensin II and ANP and provide some structural support to capillaries

A

mesangial cells

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16
Q

_________: first portion of proximal tubule; numerous twists and turns in cortical area; high level of microvilli on epithelium

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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17
Q

_________: ducts into which collecting tubules drain; lumen contains urine of varying concentration; terminal portions are papillary ducts which empty at area cribosa of the renal crest of papilla

A

collecting ducts

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18
Q

Describe the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on collecting ducts

A

ADH stimulates aquaporins in the ducts to allow reabsorpbtion of water and other molecules

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19
Q

Explain the action of renin/angiotensin following substantial hemorrhage

A

activated in response to a substantial drop in blood pressure in an effort to restore normal blood pressure

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20
Q

What are the 2 components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells

macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that sense Na+ concentration in the filtrate

juxtaglomerular cells are baroreceptors that secrete renin into the lumen of the afferent (and somewhat into the lumen of the efferent) arteriole

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21
Q

List the principal cells associated with the renin-angiotensin cascade.

A

kidney – secretes renin; inc. Na+ reabsorption in response to aldosterone

liver – stores angiotensinogen

lungs – site of action of angiotensin I and conversion to angiotensin II

bloodstream – circulates and transports angiotensin II to adrenal glands

adrenal cortex – secrete aldosterone

Kids Like Leron Breathe Air

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22
Q

What are the two main regions of the kidney?

A

cortex & medulla

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23
Q

Identify the structures indicated by the arrows in this cross-section of the kidney.

A

Renal Corpuscles

Renal corpuscles are a distinctive feature of kidney cortex.

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24
Q

Identify ‘A’ in this section of the kidney

A

Podocyte cell body & nucleus

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25
Q

Identify ‘B’ in this section of the kidney

A

pedicels

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26
Q

Identify ‘C’ in this section of the kidney

A

foot processes

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27
Q

Filtrate enters the tubular system via the _________

A

urinary pole

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28
Q

Primary/glomerular filtrate is produced by ultrafiltration of blood in __________

A

renal corpuscle

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29
Q

___________________:

Numerous pores – fenestrations enable the passage of all the non-cellular elements of blood.

A

Endothelium of glomerular capillary

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30
Q

___________________:

Fused basal laminae of capillaries and podocytes serve as a glomerular ultrafilter. Albumin (m. w. 68,000) & larger molecules are retained; all smaller molecules cross freely through this filter.

A

Glomerular basement membrane GBM

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31
Q

___________ with their inter-digitating trabeculae and pedicles form slit pores between processes; form visceral part of Bowman’s capsule

A

Podocytes

32
Q

Identify ‘A’

A

pedicel

33
Q

Identify ‘B’

A

capillary

34
Q

Identify ‘C’

A

Bowman’s space

35
Q

Identify ‘D’

A

filtration slit

36
Q

Mesangial cells have receptors for __________

A

Angiotensin II; ANP

37
Q

Tubules in the first portion of the proximal tubules are named __________ due to numerous twists and turns in cortical area.

A

proximal convoluted tubules

38
Q

Proximal tubules are lined by ____________

A

a single layer of cuboidal tubular epithelial cells with apical microvilli or ‘brush border”

39
Q

Proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) are present ONLY in the ________

A

cortex

40
Q

Identify the structure labeled ‘A’

A

distal convoluted tubule

41
Q

Identify the structure labeled ‘B’

A

proximal convoluted tubule

42
Q

_______: folds of plasma membrane with ATP driven Na + pump both in PCT and in DCT

A

Basal striations

43
Q

True or False: Microvilli are present in both proximal convoluted tubules and distal convoluted tubules

A

False. Microvilli are present in Proximal Convoluted Tubules only.

44
Q

Nephron loops parallel the course of ________, facilitating ion and water exchange

A

vasa recta

45
Q

nephron loop is also known as _________

A

Henle’s loop

46
Q

Distal convoluted tubules begin at _____________

A

vascular pole of renal corpuscles

47
Q

True or false: Distal convoluted tubules contain a brush border.

A

NOOOOO. False.

48
Q

Cells of the distal convoluted tubules are the main target cells of __________

A

aldosterone

49
Q

Identify ‘A’

A

distal convoluted tubule

50
Q

__________:

specialized cells of the distal convoluted tubule adjacent to specialized smooth muscle cells (juxtaglomerular cells) of the afferent and efferent arterioles.

A

Macula densa

51
Q

Identify the cell indicated by the arrow.

A

Macula densa

52
Q

__________ cells are chemoreceptors that sense Na+ concentrations in filtrate.

A

Macula densa

53
Q

__________ detect variations in blood pressure (baroreceptors) and secrete renin into vessel lumen.

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

54
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells detect variations in blood pressure (baroreceptors) and secrete __________ into vessel lumen.

A

renin

55
Q

Identify the structures labeled ‘A’

A

collecting ducts

Collecting ducts are lined by simple low columnar to cuboidal epithelium composed of principal and intercalated cells.

56
Q

Identify the structure indicated by the arrows.

A

papillary ducts, which empty at the area cribrosa (AC) of the renal crest or papilla (species specific).

57
Q

Identify the structures indicated by the arrows in this section of the renal papilla

A

Vasa recta

take away water passing through collecting and papillary ducts.

58
Q

Name the layer of the ureter labeled ‘A’

A

mucosa

59
Q

Name the layer of the ureter labeled ‘B’

A

muscularis

60
Q

Name the layer of the ureter labeled ‘C’

A

adventitia

61
Q

Tunica serosa in the urinary bladder is lined by ________

A

mesothelium

62
Q

Identify ‘A’ in this H&E section of the bladder.

A

lamina propria mucosa

63
Q

Identify ‘B’ in this H&E section of the bladder.

A

epithelium mucosae

64
Q

Identify ‘C’ in this H&E section of the bladder.

A

bulging cells of transitional epithelium

65
Q

All renal developmental stages rely on similar tissue interactions between the __________ and ___________.

A

epithelium and mesenchyme.

66
Q

Name the 3 stages of mammalian renal development.

A

pronephros, mesonephros, & metanephros

67
Q

pronephric duct elongates caudally and the adjacent intermediate mesoderm transforms into epithelial tubules called

A

mesonephric tubules

Each mesonephric tubule receives a blood supply from a branch of the aorta, ending in a capillary tuft.

68
Q

In mammals the mesonephric duct (or Wolffian duct) develops an outpouching called the _________.

A

ureteric bud/ metanephric duct.

69
Q

The elongated stalk of the ureteric bud/metanephric duct, later forms the _________.

A

ureter

70
Q

As the cranial end of the ureteric bud extends into the intermediate mesoderm, it branches to form the _____________

A
  • collecting duct system of the kidney
  • major and minor calyces
  • renal pelvis.
71
Q

Identify ‘A’ in this H&E section of a kidney.

A

renal pelvis

72
Q

Identify ‘B’ in this H&E section of a kidney.

A

renal artery

73
Q

Identify ‘C’ in this H&E section of a kidney.

A

Renal vein

74
Q

Identify ‘D’ in this H&E section of a kidney.

A

renal crest

75
Q

Identify ‘A’ in this H&E section of a kidney

A

renal pelvis

76
Q

Identify ‘B’ in this H&E section of a kidney

A

renal crest & papillary ducts

BCSE Microanatomy I (18 decks)

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