Fluids and Therapies

Question 1

Heparin action

Answer 1

binds to antithrombin, which subsequently accelerates the interaction between antithrombin and activated factor X or thrombin thus halting the coagulation cascade.

Question 2

Hyperkalemia treatment

Answer 2

dextrose, insulin, sodium bicarbonate, calcium gluconate (extra cellular movement)

Question 3

Hypertonic saline shock dose

Answer 3

5 ml/kg

Question 4

Isotonic crystalloid shock dose in cat

Answer 4

40-60 ml/kg

Question 5

Isotonic crystalloid shock dose in dog

Answer 5

90 ml/kg. 1/4 to 1/3 of this volume should be administered initially and the patient reassessed.

Question 6

Oxygen saturation of

Answer 6

corresponds to 80 mm Hg oxygen in arterial blood

Question 7

Oxygen saturation of

Answer 7

corresponds to 60 mm Hg oxygen in arterial blood

Question 8

Oxygen saturation of

Answer 8

corresponds to 30 mm Hg oxygen in arterial blood

Question 9

Oxygen saturation of

Answer 9

corresponds to 10 mm Hg oxygen in arterial blood

Question 10

Oxygen saturation of 98-100%

Answer 10

corresponds to >100 mm Hg oxygen in arterial blood

Question 11

Potassium infusion rate

Answer 11

maximum rate of infusion is 0.5 mEq/kg/hr. Administering potassium more rapidly than this can result in fatal arrhythmias.

Question 12

Synthetic colloid shock dose in cat

Answer 12

5-10 ml/kg

Question 13

Synthetic colloid shock dose in dog

Answer 13

10-20 ml/kg

Question 14

Urethral obstruction in cat

Answer 14

Calcium gluconate will serve to immediately counter the effects of hyperkalemia-induced bradycardia and cardiovascular collapse in the cat with urethral obstruction.

Question 15

Sodium Bicarbonate for Base Deficit

Answer 15

0.3-0.4 x BW x Base Deficit. Base deficit is the amount of base that you would need to add to a solution to achieve a pH of 7.4. In practice, you may choose to fix only part (often half) of the total calculated bicarbonate and reassess.

Question 16

Diet for hepatic encephalopathy

Answer 16

Protein reduction in the diet. Lactulose if given because it decreases colonic pH, trapping ammonia, and decreases transit time through the gut, leading to decreased ammonia uptake because ammonia contributes to hepatic encephalopathy. Oral neomycin is used to dampen urease-producing microflora of the gut and consequently, decreases ammonia production in the gut. It has also been shown that vegetable and dairy proteins are better tolerated than meat proteins.