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Cultural Anthropology > Consumption and exchange > Flashcards

Consumption and exchange Flashcards

1
Q

consumption

A

persons intake in terms of each ways of using things, output is spending and using resources to obtain those things. ex- intake: eating a sandwich, outtake: spending money to buy sandwich

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2
Q

mode of consumption

A

dominant patterns in a culture of using things up and spending resources to satisfy demand

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3
Q

changes in more of production

A

more consumption

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4
Q

entitlement bunds

A

through entitlements( own lands, money) people provide for consumption. culturally defined right to life sustaining resources

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5
Q

direct- entitlement bunds

A

most secure form, produces food for foraging societies. ex owning land. agricultural societies- owning land and producing food.

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6
Q

indirect (capitalist)

A

riskier, exchange to maintain, industrial societies. ex welfare cheque. depend on exchanging something to obtain consumer needs (labour, money, food slams, animal hides). dependency on others or institutions, riskier bases of support

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7
Q

consumption inequalities

A

entitlement bunds- rights to life- sustaining resources
direct entitlements-
indirect entitlements-

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8
Q

global entitlement

A

.

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9
Q

national entitlement

A

.

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10
Q

modes of consumption- minimalism vs consumerism

A

wanting what you need vs wanting it as an end to itself

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11
Q

personalized vs depersonalized consumption

A

knowing where things come from vs

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12
Q

consumption funds

A

category of personal or household budget used to provide for consumption demands.

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13
Q

household budgeting

A

household expedentures and who they are spent on depend on decision maker. male and female budgetary control, male and female pooling system, non pooling system

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14
Q

taboos

A

rule of prohibition. forbidden

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15
Q

mode of exchange

A

unbalanced exchange-market system- gambling/theft
balanced exchange- reciprocity- generalized (pure gift)
redistribution- movement of goods as form of wealth (potlatch, moka, canadian tax system). dominant way in culture. transferring goods, services and other items between and among other people groups

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16
Q

what is exchanged

A

material and symbolic goods, labour, money, rights in people

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17
Q

1st theory on exchange

A

exchange creates network and provides security

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18
Q

2nd theory on exchange

A

exchange leads and perpetuates slice inequalities

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19
Q

potlach

A

a feast in which the host lavishes the guests with abundant quantities of the best foods (fish oil, cranberries, seal meat, ceremonial wooden boxes) and many gifts. (embroiled blankets, carved wood boxes, mats, canoed, food)

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20
Q

scarcity and surplus

A

smooth variation. more surplus=sponsor potlatch leaner years=guests

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21
Q

mode of consumption

A

intake and output. dominant way in culture of using up goods and services. relationship between demand and supply

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22
Q

consume

A

food, beverages, food, shelter, tools, weapons, transportation, computers, books, items of communication, art, luxury goods, energy.

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23
Q

foragers

A

spend on money based time and labour. economies- cash and virtual form of money

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24
Q

minimalism

A

finite needs of satisfying those needs and sustaining.characterized by few and limited consumer demand and adequate and sustainable means to achieve them. most characteristics of free-ranging foragers but also found to some degree among horticulturalists and pastoralists

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25
Q

consumerism

A

infinite needs and inability to satisfy all needs. peoples demand are many and infinite. lack of sustainability. means of satisfying them are never sufficient, driving colonialism, globalization and other forms of expansionism. distinguishing feature of industrialization and informatics cultures, globalization is spending consumerism through the world.
environment and biological species of diversity: natural features, (rivers, lakes, forests, mountain, beaches, non-human primates, oil, gold, diamond, species
worlds cultural diversity: people who live in environments being destroyed by consumerism, people currently occupy tropical rainforests, circumpolar regions, deserts, mountain areas). small scale societies: foragers, horticulturalists, pastoralists- consumption items produced by consumers themselves for own use. if not: produced by people when consumer has personal, face-to-face relationship (personalized consumption). multinational corporations manage production of most goods in industrialized countries

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26
Q

leveling mechanisms

A

unwritten culturally embedded rules preventing an individual from becoming wealthier or more powerful than anyone, social pressure gossip. all societies

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27
Q

social organization- meaning of consumption

A

vary cross-culturally. foragers- egalitarian. sharing is normal, share meat, clothing, beads, musical instruments, smoking pipes.
agricultural and industrialists and informatics societies- social inequality

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28
Q

the poor anywhere

A

people whose real and relative incomes place them in poverty and experience an even-wideneing gap between themselves, well-off and super-rich

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29
Q

depersonalized consumption

A

distancing consumers from workers who produce good exploitation possibilities. people who know where and who produced products, constants markedly with consumption in contemporary globalized world. (apples grown locally). not replaced personalized consumption

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30
Q

multi-sourced

A

parts assembled in diverse parts of the world by hundred of unknown workers

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31
Q

consumption funds relevant universally

A

basic needs fund (free-ranging foragers)- food, beverages, shelter. clothing, fuel, tools, involved in producing or providing for them
recurrent costs fund (2nd foragers)- maintenance and repair of tools, animals, shelter, machinery
entertainment funds- leisure activities
rent and tax fund- payments to landowners or governments for use of land, housing

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32
Q

consumption funds budget to each

A

civic responsibilities- varies in relation to mode of consumption

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33
Q

consumption budgets in consumerist cultures

A

absolute size of budget is larger. agricultural and industrial societies work longer hours and spend more time and labour providing for consumption .

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34
Q

spending

A

time, labour and money

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35
Q

class position

A

weekly cash budgets worth more than their earnings due to stored wealth

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36
Q

size of consumption funds

A

varies in household budges cross-culturally

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37
Q

largest share of budget

A

rent and tax fund. entertainment fund larger than ceremonial fund

38
Q

entitlement

A

culturally deformed right to provide one life’s needs. (explains why some groups suffer more than others during famine) everyone has a set and bundle of entitlements

39
Q

during times of economic decline

A

indirect entitlements are more vulnerable to inpoverism, hunger, forced displacement

40
Q

entitlements cross-culturally

A

vary depending on economic systems
foraging- same entitlement bundle (direct)
industrial capitalist societies (indirect)

41
Q

highly monetized society

A

large and steady cash income (good job) home ownership, savings, stocks, bonds, retirement fund all equal to most powerful entitlements

42
Q

international entitlements

A

expose contrasts between countries with secure and direct access to life-supporting resources

43
Q

food surplus

A

equals more secure entitlement

44
Q

good crops to cash crops, plants grown for sale

A

indirect entitlements

45
Q

most countries

A

direct entitlements, lack access to political resources and use political force, leaves out political power, direct access to energy sources preferable to indirect

46
Q

state level

A

governments affect peoples entitlements through policies like employment welfare program, health care. tax structures

47
Q

political leaders, powerful policy makers

A

how people will live in poverty and how many people will live in poverty and how many people will be able to become rich and super-rich. Decide or decide not to fund programs that transfer wealth from rich to poor or opposite

48
Q

intrahousehold entitlements

A

do not always provide equal entitlements for all members ex. employed, earns wages= more secure position) commonly men have more secure entitlements than women. inheritance practices ensures certain children, more commonly boys, receive assets like land or family business, while others are excluded (women), affects distribution of food and health care.

49
Q

crises

A

entitlement structures become glaringly clear. ex. overpopulation, natural disasters not causes

50
Q

consumption categories

A

class, gender, age, race. influence entitlement buds and ways of consuming resources.

51
Q

consumption patterns

A

rarely consequence of one factor, shaped by affiliation with multiple and intersecting groups determining entitlement bunds and ways of consuming resources. ex. inequalities affecting welfare

52
Q

class

A

game of distraction (israeli birthday parties)

53
Q

class differences

A 
level income reflected in distinctive consumption patters. constitute an important and growing are in anthropology
ex. art-higher class-abstract, working class- closer to necessity, realist art. weddings and birthday parties, many individual and wider social movements actively resist spread of upper-class consumption patters, promoting alternate cultural practices
54
Q

gender and deadly food, kuru eating deceased

A

consumption patterns marked by gender are related to discrimination and inequality (quantities of food, alcoholic beverages). mens food and women’s food

55
Q

race and living in africville

A

racial differences in consumption and welfare exist. access to housing, access by blacks to housing in integrated neighbourhoods-limited to tendency of whites to move out when blacks move in. destruction of community are racially motivated, seek redress for injustices of immunity destruction and relocation

56
Q

age and consumption patterns

A

characteristic consumption patterns culturally shaped. foods- infants, children, adolescents, adults. ages=more critical and unique. nutritional needs, category with declining quality of consumption. age affects everyone, wealth can protect from certain kinds of marginalization and deprivation

57
Q

community care programs

A

community based care, long-term institutionalized care for income and access to health care

58
Q

forbidden consumption-food taboos

A

culturally specific food taboos, rules about prohibited foods. cultural materialist vs symbolic meaning- centred theories

59
Q

marvin harris food taboos

A

jewish and muslims-pigs. role of environmental factors during early hebrew times and function of this prohibition to fit local ecology.

60
Q

systems of meaning- food taboos

A

what people eat, value of food as a way of communicating symbolic meaning and material conditions of life (hunger) mental categories provide psychological ordering of the world. anomalies and things not in category- reminders to people of moral problems and things to avoid.
pig taboo- contrasts sacred competences and purity with impurity and sinfulness to remind people of gods holiness responsibility towards god.

61
Q

study food systems

A

consider material aspect of food practice and communicate and symbolic meaning to explain food prohibitions and preferences acknowledging there is more to food than eating

62
Q

exchange

A

transfer or something. material or immaterial between at least 2 people, group or institution

63
Q

what is exchanged

A

purely utilitarian, carry meaning, history social life

64
Q

contemporary industrial society

A

money, major item of exchange. economy-monetized

65
Q

non market economy

A

confronted with peculiar and mysterious meaning of money. Connected through globalization. money less important. time, labour, goods are prominent. money- replaced by other valued items of exchange

66
Q

non-monetary exchange

A

exists in contemporary industrial societies (dinner parties-chips)

67
Q

material goods

A

food- most common in daily life and ritual occasions
marriage- complex stages of gifts and counter gifts
alcoholic beverages- Juan fiesta

68
Q

ritual exchange

A

contributing to social cohesion

69
Q

symbolic goods

A

intangible values (scared myths, stones, sacred practices, rituals)

70
Q

labour

A

contribute labour to other people on regular basis (seasonal agriculture/harvesting) or irregular basis (crisis rebuilding)

71
Q

moral economy

A

labour sharing groups. no one keeps formal groups. Records on how much family puts in or takes out. Accounting- socially regulates group has sense of moral community based on trust and sharing ex. amish

72
Q

money

A

cross culturally diverse form.
before-collected and made things, shared an exchanged.
medium of exchange that can be used for a variety of goods.
modern money- coins, bills, portable, divisible, uniform , recognizable, vulnerable to economic change (inflation) reduces its value. spreading throughout the world.
non monetary cultures adopt modern money in limited ways, all forms of money are symbolic

73
Q

people

A

exchange in humans relegates humans to objects. ex. gaining control of other people and treating them as items of exchange (slavery, human trafficking) transform thousands of people into property to be bought, sold, used, abused, murdered (women objects in marriage).

74
Q

incest taboo

A

rule preventing a man from marrying/cohabiting with his mother or sister. driving exchange of women among men. men do not have rights over women, they make their own choices in partners. women select grooms for daughters (controversial)

75
Q

balanced exchange

A

equal value, social relationship, reinforce social in ties. System of transfers in which the goals is to either immediate or eventual balance in value

76
Q

generalized reciprocity

A

transition involving at least 2 conspicuous sense of interest in material gain or thought of what might be received in return and when. (goods, services). main form of exchange between people who know and trust each other(foragers, close-kin, cross-cultural friends)

77
Q

pure gift

A

something given with no expectation or thought of return. extreme form of generalized reciprocity. does not exist, one always gains good feeling of generosity, parental care- get it back later, return material or immaterial

78
Q

expected reciprocity

A

exchange of approximately equal valued goofs and services between people of equal social status. Simultaneous, understanding of time period, time limit. more personal. ex. kula

79
Q

redistribution

A

form of expected reciprocity, in which one collects goods and money from many members of group and provides social return at a later time. Centricity, possibility of inequity because what is returned might not be equal

80
Q

unbalanced exchange

A

unequal, may or may not be social relationship. System of transfers in which 1 party attempts to make profit.

81
Q

Globalization

A

security for securely entitled people, improves in low income countries

82
Q

market exchange

A

may or may not be personal relationship. prominent form, buying and selling commodities under competitive conditions. Forces of supply snd demand determine value, seller seeks to make profit. overrides social relationship. less formal context of trade, formalized exchange of one thing for another according to set standards of value. Associated with regional specialization producing goods and trade between regions. informal (small stands) to huge multi-sourced shopping centres

83
Q

periodic market

A

goods, table awning, site for being and selling takes place on a regular basis, particular location without physical structure

84
Q

permanent markets

A

built structures in fixed location

85
Q

market places

A

social interactions, needs performances, solicit customers, meet and chat government officials stop by, religious organizations, traditional healers. particularities of market structures spatially and socially, how culture shoes market transactions- rich topics of ethnographic research.

86
Q

other forms of unbalances research

A

more likely in large scale, culturally complex societies. transfer of goods, with no equivalent return

87
Q

gambling (gaming)

A

attempt to make profit by playing a game of chance win a certain item of value sneaked to win a much larger return if you win. if you lose what is staked is lost. Ancient practice, common cross-culturally, casino capitalism- on the high

88
Q

theft

A

taking something with no expectation thought of returning anything to original owner for it. logical opposite of pure gift (children food stealing) looting expresses deep-seated resentment abut economic discrimination, links uprising to domain if crime, prison. motivated by greed, no permission to study criminal and dangerous activity

89
Q

exploitation

A

getting something of greater value for less in return: persistent, extreme, unbalanced exchange (slavery) social relationships involving substantial unequal exchange exist between members of different social groups inkling no evert coercion, certain degree of return. Some degree of covert compulsion and dependence ill key to be present to endure relationships of unequal exchange. ex eye (forest goods) and else (cultivated goods)

90
Q

changing patterns of consumption and exchange

A

local cultures adopt and adapt to global patterns of consumption and exchange and sometimes resist them..

91
Q

basic needs fund

A

major approach to measurement of absolute poverty in developing countries. Defines absolute minimum resources necessary for long-term physical well bring in terms or consumption goods.

92
Q

ceremonial fund

A

resources allocated for maintenance of social structure as a peasant society

Cultural Anthropology (8 decks)

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