Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cultural Anthropology > Economies and their modes of production > Flashcards

Economies and their modes of production Flashcards

1
Q

economic anthropology

A

subfield of cultural anthropology that studies economic systems cross-culturally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

economic system

A
  1. production (making goods/money)
  2. consumption (using up goods/money)
  3. exchange (transfer of goods/money)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

mode of production

A

dominant way of making a living in a culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

difference between cultural anthropology and economics

A

entire ways of people making a living, different methods (fieldwork, participant observation, quantitive/qualitative data) gather emic data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

economic systems research

A

rich set of knowledge on diverse ways of making a living. categories=modes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

modes of production

A

not only type of production, be involved in more than one, they blend/overlap, some cultures make not fit within only one mode. no correlation between types and superiority of mode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

globalization

A

world economy. local systems are linked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

intensification of global trade

A

global division of labour (world economy) countries compete unequally for a share of wealth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

modern world economy

A

core (1st world countries) periphery

(2,3,4,5 world countries) and zemiperiphery (middle). linked systems, constant flow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

core

A

most profitable activities (high-tech service, manufacturing, financial activities) advanced, strongest government, dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

periphery

A

least-profitable actives, production of raw materials, foodstuff, labour-intensive, gods, import high-tech goods and services from core. weak governments, dominate by core, disadvantaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

foraging

A

using food available in nature (fishing, gathering, hunting) predominant mode of production. 90% oh humans, danger of extinction (pure form) no gardens, no domesticated animals. sustainable system- untouched by outside influences, abundant land available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

extensive strategy

A

production involving temporary use of large areas of land, high degree of spatial mobility. sustainable, regenerated. obtaining/processing foods, not extensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

division of labour

A

gender,age. meat-masculinity. elderly people-caring children, stay at camp. young children-help collect food. circumpolar foragers gender- no overlap. Abolish- man the hunter model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

property relations

A

.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

private property

A

not found in foraging societies. equal rights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

use rights

A

invested in collective group, passed down equally to all children, members of group. property relations in which or person or group has socially recognized priority in access to particular resources (gathering, hunting, fishing) - shared with others with permission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

encroaching on someones area

A

serious misdemeanour = violence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

sustainable

A

crucial resources are regenerated over time in demand that population makes on them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

sustainability of foraging

A

not pathetic or inadequate. foragers’ needs are modest. original affluent society- needs satisfied with minimal labour efforts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

adaptation to seasonal fluctuations in food supply

A

minimize food intake during times one plenty, thinness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

minimal labour efforts

A

satisfy needs for goods, affluent, less work time, more leisure time, storytelling, games ,resting, good health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

horticulture (shifting cultivation)

A

sustainable system. Production based on cultivating domesticated plans in gardens using hand tools. Shifting cultivation, extensive strategy, more labour intensive. domestication of of plants and animals, crops, hand gardens with tools no human systems. Changes in plants and animals leads to greater control by humans in terms of location and reproduction. crops rotated land must fallow. produce profits=consumer goods. less population growth, government pressure. great wealth, foundation for complex and rich civilizations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Stages in horticulture

A

clearing- cleared, are on fire=fertilizer
planting- loosen soil, place seeds
weeding- little weeding
harvesting- substantial labour to cut and dig crops and bring them to residential population density low
fallowing- unused for number of years= regains fertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

division of labour-horticulture

A

gender and age. specific roles. prestige foods cultivate prestige crops. men-clear garden, hunting and fishing, clearing and cultivating. women- food processing, plant, tend to cultivate staple crops, stable food. men higher public status than women. children active engaged, origins of different division of labour have implications for mens and women status.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

women’s contribution to food production- horticulture

A

necessary but not sufficient for high status. do not contribute to producing= low status if they do contribute to producing=may or may not have high status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

control over production

A

public distribution beyond the family= no control over product and distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

children

A

more productive work than any other modes of production, fulfills what would be adult roles in other economic systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

property relations

A

use rights are important, more clearly defined and formalized. surplus goods- social inequality rules about sharing with larger group decline in importance (higher status)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

fallowing

A

.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

pastoralism

A

based on domestication of animal herds and use of their products (meat, milk) for atleast half (most) of their diet. trade links with foragers, horticulturalists, farmers to obtain food and goods they can’t obtain themselves. more where pasture is. many animal products. movement of animals to pasture. economy, ecology, political organization are linked within environment well endowed with resources and setter communities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

ranching

A

moves fodder to animals, provide meat for sale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

problem for pastoralism

A

continued need too fresh pasture for animals. extensive form of economic adaption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

long-distance herding

A

vulnerable to raids, require negotiation with settlements for permission to cross lands. develop confederacy of tribes into centralized political organization for protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

division of labour- pastoralism

A

families (basic unit of production), cluster of families. gender age. little overlap. stable value on mobility. social equality is common norm. gender- clearly divided, men-herding, women-processing. culture emphasis on masculinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

size of animals- pastoralism

A

girls-smaller animals graze less widely, penned near house
boys- pastured farther away
children important helping roles in tending herds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

property relations- pastoralism

A
  1. animals

2. housing and domestic goods (their own0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

private property of animals

A

family head can trade for other goods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

use rights

A

regulate pasture land and migratory routes, informal regulated through oral tradition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

pastoralism as sustainable system

A

extremely valued environment. highly successful and sustainable economic system- complimentary with other economic systems.

41
Q

sedentism

A

settle down. external constraint on pastoralism

42
Q

agriculture (farming)

A

growing crops on permanent plots with ice of plowing, irrigation and fertilizer. intensive strategy. techniques same plot of land to be used without losing fertility repeatedly. substantial amount of labour (weeding, fertilizing, water supply)

43
Q

domesticated animals

A

plowing, transportation, organic fertilizer (manure, compost)

44
Q

artifice water sources

A

irrigation channels, terracing the land

45
Q

indigenous knowledge

A

local knowledge of environment, plants animals and resources. displaced by others methods (declining)

46
Q

occupational specialization

A

permanent settlemenstand, larger families, take on repairing full time, don’t grow own food, trading for food with farmers

47
Q

family farming (peasant agriculture, food growing)

A

production support family, produce goods for sale, larger market economic system, cross-cultural variety

48
Q

division of labour- family farming

A

gender and age. subject of much anthropological research. men-bulk, women-dominant in marketing and home, work more hours, inside and outside work

49
Q

public privacy dichotomy

A

gender division in society that emerged with agriculture, men are more involved with non-domestic domain, women more involved in activities near home. compared to other systems men and womens hours are just as high

50
Q

female farming systems

A

females play major role in production of family farms own land make decisions, backbone. men plow fields

51
Q

wet rice agriculture

A

labour intensive way of growing rice- starting seedlings in nurseries and transplanting to flooded fields.

52
Q

children role- family farming

A

prominent on minor (farm animals)

53
Q

property relations-family farming

A

clearing, terracing, fencing- development of firmly alienated and protected property rights. rights to land can be sold and acquired

54
Q

guidelines

A

inheritance and transfer of rights through marriage

55
Q

law and police

A

protect private rights to resources

56
Q

marked gender division of labour

A

men-highly valued tasks and goods. valued in outside world. dominant roles
women- food processing, family maintenance, no income or exchange value, excluded from land rights and property controls. high status

57
Q

industrial agriculture

A

capital intensive, uses more energy, decline of family farm. produces crops through capital intensive means which machinery and purchase inputs (fertilizers for human and animal labour) machines instead of human labour, industrialized countries

58
Q

corporate farms

A

huge agricultural enterprises that produce goods for sale owned and operated by companies on hired labour

59
Q

social effects

A

increased use of complex technology on new plant

60
Q

animal varieties

A

displaced of small landholders and field labourers

61
Q

increased use of capital (money property)

A

increased production, reduce flexibility

62
Q

increased use of energy grow crops

A

farmers dependence on global market of energy supplies

63
Q

intro to genetically engineered crops

A

genetically altered food, selected food in the past, genetic technology

64
Q

industrial collectivized agriculture

A

rare in cultural anthropology, industrialized tindustrialized agriculture that involves non private control of land, technology, goods produced. greater economic equality, greater sense of welfare than possible under competitive capitalism. good-consumer demand not necessary

65
Q

state farms

A

paid wages, small garden for own use, child care facilities, shopping centres

66
Q

collective farms

A

owned and controlled by members, earnings determined by tool farm production, lower wags

67
Q

women

A

agricultural and reproductive labour

68
Q

men

A

industrial

69
Q

sustainability of agriculture

A

labour inputs, technology, non-renewable , natural resources. undermining sustainability of other systems, displacing long-standing economic systems. destruction of important habitats for agricultural land water, energy sources for support its enterprises

70
Q

industrialism

A

production of goods through mass employment in business and commercial operations. agriculture employment decreases, manufacturing jobs increase

71
Q

formal sector

A

salaried and wage-leased work registered in official statements. stable and lucrative jobs to unstable part time lucrative jobs

72
Q

informal sector

A

work outside formal sector, not officially registered illegal. underground economy. less willing to be studied or organized, sense of pride less often more time. more than one enterprise (prostitution). look beyond emic worlds to global structures that generate or support the bad. child labour, childhood goods, child rights. voices views of children, people who pay for sex, poverty in children

73
Q

european colonialism

A

dramatic effects on indigenous peoples production

74
Q

western capitalism

A

far reaching effects on local economics with which it comes in contrast

75
Q

global economy

A

interconnectedness of all aspects on international, transnational, rational, local economies (raw materials, labour supply, transportation, finance, marketing. electronic forms of communication, world economic power centre (sneezes rest of the world will catch a cold)

76
Q

effects of economic globalization on party and inequality

A

national figure- beneficial

cultural anthropology- negative effects

77
Q

3 negative effects

A

increase in commercial production in response to demands of global market
recruitment of foragers- horticulturalists, pastoralists, family farmers in work industrialized sector (exploitation)

78
Q

dispossession of local people land

A

other resources due to growth (unemployed, displaced people)

79
Q

foraging

A

horticultural groups become more involved in global economy on own terms. cultured destroyed by intrusion of western economic interests, local knowledge lost, people demoralized, distressed, ill, suicidal

80
Q

foragers- tiwi northern australia

A

international recognition, actively manage supports own terms and values. before- gathered foods, hunted, comfortable life, foreign influences, fish, setlled villagers, iron, football waterloo, highly recognized. introduced western goods
now- public affair, politics, tourism

81
Q

horticulturalists- munducuru of brazilian amazon

A

maintenance of many aspects of traditional life to complete loss of traditional life-ways

82
Q

rubber plantations

A

combining horticultural with work on rubber farms

83
Q

indians work for brazilians

A

migrate to rubber area year round

84
Q

traditional villages

A

women water carrying tasks, men live seperately and visit occasionally

85
Q

rubber settlement

A

live together, men carry water (work harder) womenwork more hours than men better because they live in the same house

86
Q

pastoralist- herds of mongolia

A

dependent on food, money, animal herds. transformed into agricultural and industrial slate. urban population grow, rural decline, social services (health education) no homelessness or unemployment, dependence on state services, ban private ownership, collectivize heroes (negative). adjust to dramatic restructing of economy (private heading to collectivized herding back to po private herding). social services- less available, standard of living are down and herding practices part of global economy

87
Q

privatization

A

transferring collective ownership, provision of goods ad services to system of private ownership. governments policy guideline. Collective ownership of herds (abandoned), family (organized production, reinstated)
standard of living declined, goods no longer available, prices fluctuated, market fluctuations, lower prices=less slaughtered= exceeding grassland capacity

88
Q

family farmers- maya of chapas, mexico

A

increase in public spending. independent small family farms to dependent on wage work. before- growing corn, selling corn nearby independent of outside forces in b own terms food supply. Closely knit, social boundaries define by commitment to roles and ceremonies
now- connected with forces beyond borders, massive increase in public spending by government (foods, schools) agricultural change, crop diversification, increase production) oil boom, huge amount of cash to local economy, led to wage work, unemployment. Transformation from production for own-use to production for sale within monopolized system of trade for profit. more prosperous, monetized, dependent on outside economy. Social differentiation is higher while social solidarity is lower. raised income level, households lest access to cash=left behind (headed by a woman on her own)

89
Q

risk adverse

A

avoid adapting new innovations

90
Q

conservatism

A

adaptive, intimate knowledge of systems, assessing costs and benefits, decision-makers

91
Q

industrialists- factory workers ohio

A

increased mechanization, unemployment (migrating, finding new ways to spend time) manufacture decline. stress and mental disorder increase. factory workers= place of employment is crucial, identities bound of place of employement

92
Q

global capitalism- tawainese in south africa

A

after dismantling of apartheid, forge links with tawainese businesses to transfer economic miracle. hierarchical system (resentment) failed. tawainese industrialists separated from workers (racial, economic, social divide) focal point of local political conflict. Has not withered away. prioritize culture over nature. economic lifestyle demands less resources, more sustainable culture and nature closer together

93
Q

social miracle

A

family based production compliance among workers (age, gender)

94
Q

global incorporation

A

more powerfully felt in localities worldwide

95
Q

plantations

A

grow tea, coffee, rubber, poor social welfare for workers, concentrated ownership of land, hired labour, severe inequality, dominant in former colonies

96
Q

capital

A

wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available or contributed for a particular purpose such as staring a company or investing

97
Q

capitalism

A

economic system based on goal of profit making and organized around production for sale and involving consumption patterns satisfied through markets

98
Q

consumption

A

using up goods for expending funds

99
Q

corporate farms

A

companies that own or influence farms and agricultural practices on a large scale

Cultural Anthropology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions