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BMS > Measuring Risk > Flashcards

Measuring Risk Flashcards

1
Q

The risk of breast and prostate cancer, heart disease and stroke, Alzheimer disease, autism, and osteoporosis are examples of topics in which the public has developed a strong

A

Interest

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2
Q

Characteristics associated with an increased risk of disease are called

-Some are inherited, some are part of the physical environment, some are part of the social environment

A

Risk factors

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3
Q

Some of the most powerful risk factors are

A

Behavioral (i.e. smoking, unprotected sex, etc.)

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4
Q

The affordable care act mandates that insurance now covers

A

Preventative services (i.e. screening tests, “routine visits”)

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5
Q

Means that a person, before becoming ill, has come in contact with or has manifested the factor in question

-can take place at a single point in time or over a period of time (i.e. cigarette smoking)

A

Risk factor exposure

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6
Q

Cigarette smoking, hypertension, sexual promiscuity, and sun exposure are examples of risk factors that have the risk of disease being more likely to occur with

A

Prolonged exposure

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7
Q

A genetic/familial risk factor could be the susceptibility to sickness and

A

Disease genes

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8
Q

Drug or chemical exposures in the home, community, or workplace environment are

A

Environmental risk factors

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9
Q

Radioactivity, Noise, and vibration are all

A

Physical agents of risk

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10
Q

What are two biological agents?

A

Infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, etc.) and allergens

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11
Q

Blood born pathogens, MRSA, and multiple drug resistant tuberculosis are examples of

A

Infectious agents

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12
Q

Stress, Life-threatening trauma, PTSD, and depression are all

A

Psychosocial agents

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13
Q

Repetitive motion jobs or hobbies, heavy lifting, and blast injuries (explosions) are all examples of

A

Mechanical agents

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14
Q

What are four life-style risk factors?

A
  1. ) Controlled substances
  2. ) Uncontrolled substances (i.e. alcohol, cigarettes)
  3. ) Unsafe sex
  4. ) Excessive sun exposure
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15
Q

Most morbidity or mortality is caused by chronic diseases, for which it is nearly impossible for a physician to use their own experiences to recognize the

A

Risk factors

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16
Q

The time between exposure and event

A

Latency

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17
Q

What causes SARS?

A

Coronavirus

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18
Q

Factors related to education, such as poor nutrition, less prenatal care, and cigarette smoking are remote causes of

A

Low birth weight

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19
Q

It is now clear that about half of lifetime users of tobacco will die because of

A

Tobacco use

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20
Q

Even though we have certain “common” diseases, the incidence of disease is actually

A

Low

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21
Q

The most common cause of cancer deaths in the US and people who smoke are as much as 20 times more likely to develop t than those who do not smoke

A

Lung cancer

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22
Q

Even still, the yearly incidence of lung cancer in people who have smoked heavily for 30 years is

A

2 to 3 per 1,000

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23
Q

The effects of individual risk factors for chronic disease are

A

Small

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24
Q

Just because risk factors predict disease, it does not necessarily mean that they actually cause the disease, meaning the risk factor may be

A

Confounded to another variable

25
Q

A risk factor that is not a cause of disease is called a

A

Marker

26
Q

Removing a marker may not remove the

A

excess risk associated with it

27
Q

People with schizophrenia have higher rates of lung cancer. Schizophrenia itself does not cause lung cancer, however, as much as 80% of population with schizophrenia smoke cigarettes. Therefore, schizophrenia could be thought of as a

A

Marker for lung cancer

28
Q

What percentage of deaths in asbestos workers is due to asbestos exposure?

A

45%

29
Q

Multiple risk factors can increase the overall risk, meaning multiple risk factors have a

A

Multiplicative effect

30
Q

Statistically combining risk factors produces a risk prediction model or a risk prediction

A

Tool

31
Q

What is a risk prediction model for predicting cardiovascular events?

A

Framingham Risk score

32
Q

Short term hospital risk prediction tools include the

A

Patient At Risk of Re-admission Scores (PARR)

33
Q

Prediction tools have also combined diagnostic test results, for example, diagnosing the occurrence of pulmonary embolism (Wells score) or predicting stroke risk in atrial fibrillation, which is the

A

CHADS score

34
Q

Mapped cholera cases in London and based his inferences on the analysis of spatial patterns

A

John Snow

35
Q

The probability of an event in a population under study. It’s value is the same as that for incidence, and the terms are often used interchangeably

A

Absolute Risk

36
Q

The best way for individual patients and clinicians to understand how risk factors may affect their lives

A

Absolute risk

37
Q

Asks the question, what is the incidence of disease in a group initially free of the condition?

A

Absolute risk

38
Q

Asks the question, what is the additional risk (incidence) of disease following exposure, over and above that experienced by people who are not exposed?

A

Attributable risk

39
Q

Asks the question, how many times more likely are exposed persons to become diseased, relative to non-exposed persons?

A

Relative risk (risk ratio)

40
Q

The absolute risk of disease in exposed persons minus the absolute risk in non-exposed persons

A

Attributable risk

41
Q

The additional incidence of disease related to exposure, taking into account the background incidence of disease from other causes

A

Attributable risk (risk difference)

42
Q

The ratio of percentage of exposed persons with disease, divided by the percentage of non-exposed persons with the disease

A

Relative Risk (RR)

43
Q

The risk of a bad outcome is increased when the RR is

A

Greater than 1

44
Q

The risk of a bad outcome is decreased when the RR is

A

Less than 1

45
Q

Tells us by how much the treatment reduced the risk of bad outcomes relative to the control group who did not have the treatment

A

Relative Risk Reduction (RRR)

46
Q

Used when we are talking about exposure/disease incidence studies

A

Risk Difference

47
Q

Used when we are talking about treatment/disease prevention studies

A

Risk Reduction

48
Q

The most useful way of presenting research results to help your decision-making

A

Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) also called risk difference

49
Q

If the ARR for a treatment was 8 percent, then if you treated 100 children

A

8 would be prevented from bad outcomes

50
Q

What is the number needed to treat (NNT)?

A

100% / ARR

51
Q

Absolute risk makes the risks or benefits look

A

Smaller

52
Q

Relative risk makes the risks or benefits look

A

Bigger

53
Q

A measure of effect size

A

Relative risk

54
Q

What is the equation for the relative risk reduction (RRR)

A

1-RR

55
Q

You want to be very careful when dealing with

A

Risk reduction language

56
Q

What is the most straight forward way to classify risk?

A

ARR (because you can also convert it to NNT)

57
Q

NNT is best expressed in a

A

Sentence

58
Q

If you are comparing two treatments, what is the Relative Risk (RR)

A

Rsk of treatment 1 / Risk of treatment 2

BMS (62 decks)

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