Ch 22 - The Respiratory System Flashcards
Secrete a fluid containing surfactant
Type II cells
Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begin
Respiratory bronchioles
Composed of simple squamous epithelium
Type I cells
Terminates in alveoli
Alveolar duct
Composed of cuboidal cells
Type II cells
The respiratory membrane is composed of fused basement membrane of the capillary walls and ________
Type I cells
True or false? The roof of the nasal cavity is formed by parts of the frontal bone
False
True or false? The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the receptors for the sense of smell.
True
True or false? The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air
True
True or false? Paranasal sinuses seem to have NO useful function.
False
True or false? The pleura is a thin, single-layered serosa that divides into parietal and visceral pleura
False
True or false? Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli
True
True or false? During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 mL of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath
False
True or false? The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation
True
True or false? In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree
False
True or false? Labored breathing is termed dyspnea
True
True or false? The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream, in the form of carbonic anhydride
False
True or false? Each lung has an indention, the pelvis, through which blood vessels enter an leave the lung
False
No exchange of gases occurs here
Segmental bronchi
True or false? Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.
False
True or false? The epiglottis is a smooth muscle that covers the glottis during swallowing.
False
True or false? Valsalvaʹs maneuver involves closing off the glottis (preventing expiration) while contracting the muscles of expiration, causing an increase in intra-abdominal pressure.
True
True or False? Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.
True
True or False? Tracheal obstruction is life threatening.
True
True or False? The paired lungs are located in the mediastinum.
False
True or False? The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.
True
True or False? The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.
False
True or False? Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.
True
True or False? The Hering-Breuer reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung.
False
True or False? Strong emotions and pain acting through the limbic system activate sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus, thus modulating respiratory rate and depth by sending signals to the respiratory centers.
True
True or False? As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more
bicarbonate ion to be generated (the Bohr effect).
False
True or False? Daltonʹs law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.
True
True or False? Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.
False
True or False? Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air. They serve minor functions for exhalation.
False
True or False? Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage.
True
True or False? Apneustic breathing is characterized by prolonged inspirations.
True
Air and food are routed into the proper channels by the ________.
Larynx
The loudness of a personʹs voice depends on the force with which air rushes across the ________.
Vocal folds
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is ________.
To secrete surfactant
After the segmental (tertiary) bronchus, the next smaller branch of the respiratory passageway is (are) the ________.
Terminal bronchioles
The smallest macroscopic subdivision of the lung is the ________.
Lobule
The pleurae are vital to the integrity of the lungs because they produce a ________, allowing the lungs to glide over the thorax wall during breathing
Lubricating serous secretion
Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure within the _________ of the lungs
Alveoli
The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by ________.
Boyleʹs law
The statement, ʺin a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixtureʺ paraphrases ________.
Daltonʹs law
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
Interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules
For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________.
0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a decrease in pH (acidosis) ________.
Weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond