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Mammalian Test Bank > Ch 19 - Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Ch 19 - Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Largest artery of the body

A

Aorta

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2
Q

Supplies the kidney

A

Renal artery

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3
Q

Supplies the duodenum and

stomach

A

Common hepatic artery

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4
Q

Supplies the distal areas of

the large intestine

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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5
Q

Supplies pelvic structures

A

Internal iliac artery

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6
Q

Artery that does not

anastomose

A

Renal artery

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7
Q

Gives rise to the right
common carotid and right
subclavian artery

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

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8
Q

Supplies the lower limbs

A

External iliac artery

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9
Q

Common site to take the

pulse

A

Radial artery

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10
Q

Major supply to the cerebral

hemispheres

A

Internal carotid artery

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11
Q

Large unpaired branch of the

abdominal aorta

A

Celiac trunk

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12
Q

Abdominal aorta splits to

form two

A

Common iliac artery

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13
Q

Receives blood from all areas

superior to the diaphragm, except the heart wall

A

Superior vena cava

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14
Q

Carries oxygen-poor blood to

the lungs

A

Pulmonary trunk

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15
Q

Drains the scalp

A

External jugular vein

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16
Q

Runs through the armpit area

A

Axillary artery

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17
Q

Drains the upper extremities,

deep vein

A

Subclavian vein

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18
Q

Artery usually palpated to

take the blood pressure

A

Brachial artery

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19
Q

Major artery of the thigh

A

Femoral artery

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20
Q

Supplies the small intestine

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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21
Q

Carries oxygen-rich blood

from the lungs

A

Pulmonary vein

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22
Q

Longest vein in the body,

superficial

A

Great saphenous vein

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23
Q

Site where resistance to blood

flow is greatest

A

Arterioles

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24
Q

Site where exchanges of food

and gases are made

A

Capillaries

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25
Q

Site where blood pressure is

lowest

A

Large veins

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26
Q

Site where the velocity of

blood flow is fastest

A

Large arteries

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27
Q

Site where the velocity of

blood flow is slowest

A

Capillaries

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28
Q

Site where the blood volume is greatest

A

Large veins

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29
Q

Site where the blood pressure is greatest

A

Large arteries

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30
Q

Site that is the major
determinant of peripheral
resistance

A

Arterioles

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31
Q

True or False? The adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time is termed autoregulation.

A

True

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32
Q

True or False? Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart.

A

False

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33
Q

True or False? Osmotic pressure is created by the presence in a fluid of small diffusible molecules that easily move through the capillary membrane.

A

False

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34
Q

True or False? The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is an arterial anastomosis.

A

True

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35
Q

True or False? The outermost layer of a blood vessel is the tunica intima.

A

False

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36
Q

True or False? The thick-walled arteries close to the heart are called muscular arteries.

A

False

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37
Q

True or False? Hypotension is generally considered systolic blood pressure that is below 100 mm Hg.

A

True

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38
Q

True or False? A precapillary sphincter is a cuff of smooth muscle that regulates the flow of blood into the
capillaries.

A

True

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39
Q

True or False? Thoroughfare channels connect a metarteriole to a venule.

A

False

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40
Q

True or False? Vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle contraction.

A

False

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41
Q

True or False? The pulmonary circulation does not directly serve the metabolic needs of body tissues.

A

True

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42
Q

True or False? In infants and young people, congenital vascular problems are less common than congenital
heart disease.

A

True

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43
Q

True or False? The most common form of shock is hypovolemic shock.

A

True

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44
Q

True or False? Every minute, about 1.5 ml of fluid leaks out of the capillaries.

A

True

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45
Q

True or False? The pancreas is an example of an organ with arteries that do not anastomose.

A

False

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46
Q

True or False? An obstruction in the superior vena cava would decrease the flow of blood from the head and
neck to the heart.

A

True

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47
Q

True or False? Arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another, forming arterial anastomoses.

A

True

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48
Q

True or False? An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance.

A

True

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49
Q

True or False? The first major branch of the femoral artery is the dorsalis pedis artery.

A

False

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50
Q

True or False? The azygos vein originates in the abdomen.

A

True

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51
Q 
Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?
A) cardiac output 
B) peripheral resistance
C) emotional state 
D) blood volume
A

C) emotional state

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52
Q 
Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure?
A) ADH 
B) atrial natriuretic peptide
C) angeiotensin II 
D) nitric acid
A

D) nitric acid

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53
Q

Which statement best describes arteries?
A) All carry oxygenated blood to the heart.
B) All carry blood away from the heart.
C) All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood.
D) Only large arteries are lined with endothelium.

A

B) All carry blood away from the heart.

54
Q 
Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium?
A) tunica intima 
B) tunica media
C) tunica externa 
D) basement membrane
A

A) tunica intima

55
Q

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the
primary function of ________

A

Capillaries

56
Q

The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called ________

A

Hepatic portal circulation

57
Q

The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the _________

A

Muscular arteries

58
Q

Aldosterone will promote an increase in ________

A

Blood pressure

59
Q

The pulse pressure is ________

A

Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

60
Q 
Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign?
A) cold, clammy skin
B) increased heart rate
C) rapid, thready pulse 
D) rapidly falling blood pressure
A

D) rapidly falling blood pressure

61
Q

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?
A) Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs.
B) The skin will be cold and clammy.
C) Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.
D) Blood flow to the kidneys increases.

A

C) Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.

62
Q

Continuous capillaries are abundant in the _______

A

Skin and skeletal muscles

63
Q

Which of the following is true about veins?
A) Venous valves are formed from the tunica media.
B) Up to 35% of total body blood is in venous circulation at any given time.
C) Veins have a small lumen in relation to the thickness of the vessel wall.
D) Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.

A

D) Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.

64
Q

Venous anastomoses form __________ than arterial anastomoses

A

More freely

65
Q

Peripheral resistance increases as ________

A

Blood viscosity increases

66
Q

Brain blood flow autoregulation is _______ when abnormally high CO2 levels persist

A

Abolished

67
Q

Blood flow to the skin increases when ___________ rises

A

Environmental temperature

68
Q

Select the correct statement about the movement of materials at the capillary level.
A) Oxygen diffuses up its concentration gradient.
B) Chemical waste products follow the same general path as oxygen.
C) Carbon dioxide moves from its production site into the interstitial fluid.
D) If the osmotic pressure in the blood vessels is relatively higher than that in the tissues,
tissue edema will result.

A

C) Carbon dioxide moves from its production site into the interstitial fluid.

69
Q

Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock?
A) hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume
B) cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels
C) vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone
D) circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant

A

C) vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone

70
Q

Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous
blood circulation?

A

Tunica media

71
Q

The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is significant because _______________

A

Resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius

72
Q

The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________

A

Shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or
diarrhea

73
Q

In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure is the same as _______

A

Capillary blood pressure

74
Q

The hepatic portal vein carries _____________ to the liver

A

Nutrient-rich blood

75
Q

The term ductus venosus refers to ________ that allows blood to bypass the liver

A

A special fetal vessel

76
Q

The term blood islands refers to __________ of mesodermal cells that give rise to the endothelial lining of blood vessels

A

Embryonic masses

77
Q 
Which of the following has anastomosing vessels?
A) retina 
B) kidney 
C) heart 
D) spleen
A

C) heart

78
Q 
Which of the following do NOT influence arterial pulse rate?
A) activity 
B) postural changes
C) emotions 
D) the vessel selected to palpate
A

D) the vessel selected to palpate

79
Q

Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation?
A) superior vena cava, right atrium, and left ventricle
B) right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium
C) left ventricle, aorta, and inferior vena cava
D) right atrium, aorta, and left ventricle

A

B) right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium

80
Q

Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue
layer.

A

Tunica intima

81
Q

The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called _____

A

Arterioles

82
Q

Fenestrated capillaries are NOT found in the _______________

A

Brain

83
Q

Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called __________

A

Sinusoids

84
Q

Factors that aid venous return include all except ________.

A

Urinary output

85
Q

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?

A

170/96 in a 50-year-old man

86
Q

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure.
A) An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the
increased delivery.
B) Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to
essential areas.
C) Excess protein production would decrease blood pressure.
D) Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase

A

D) Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase

87
Q

Mechanisms that do NOT help regulate blood pressure include _______

A

The dural sinus reflex

88
Q

The velocity of blood flow is ________ since the total cross-sectional area is the greatest

A

Slowest in the capillaries

89
Q

Select the correct statement about blood flow.
A) It is relatively constant through all body organs.
B) It is measured in mm Hg.
C) It is greatest where resistance is highest.
D) Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.

A

D) Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.

90
Q

A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________

A

Right side of the head and neck and right upper arm

91
Q

Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________

A

Intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms

92
Q

A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________

A

Decreased size of the heart muscle

93
Q

The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, do not primarily operate via _________

A

Altering blood volume

94
Q

Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________

A

Arteriosclerosis

95
Q

Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels
causing vasodilation?

A

Lungs

96
Q

Normal blood pressure for a newborn baby is ________

A

90/55

97
Q

The first major branch of the aortic arch is the ________ branch

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

98
Q

The embryonic mesodermal cells that will eventually form the endothelial lining of blood
vessels are called ________

A

Blood islands

99
Q

The most common form of shock is ________

A

Hypovolemic

100
Q

Released by the endothelium, a family of peptides called ________ are among the most potent vasoconstrictors known.

A

Endothelins

101
Q

A ________ capillary has many oval holes in it

A

Fenestrated

102
Q

Arterial ________ provide alternate pathways for blood to get to an organ

A

Anastomoses

103
Q

The ________ in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch detect increases in blood pressure.

A

Baroreceptors

104
Q

The ________ artery is a blood vessel on the arm used as a pressure point.

A

Brachial

105
Q

________ shock is due to abnormal expansion of blood vessels and a rapid drop in blood
pressure.

A

Vascular

106
Q

The third major branch of the aortic arch is the ________ artery

A

Left subclavian

107
Q

The ________ supply the brain with blood

A

Internal carotid arteries

108
Q

________ pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

A

Pulse

109
Q

Blood flow equals the difference in blood pressure divided by ________

A

Peripheral resistance

110
Q

The lowest venous blood pressure is found in the ________

A

Venae cavae

111
Q

As a cuff is deflated on the arm, sounds of ________ can be heard

A

Korotkoff

112
Q

Which type of blood vessels contain valves and what is their function?

A

Veins contain valves to prevent blood from flowing backward. This is necessary because
the venous vessels are a low-pressure system and the blood must sometimes flow
against gravity, particularly in the limbs.

113
Q

Describe the forces that determine fluid movements across capillary walls.

A

(1) Capillary hydrostatic pressure (equal to capillary blood pressure) tends to force fluid
out of capillaries into the interstitial spaces. (2) Osmotic pressure, created by large
nondiffusible particles in the blood, tends to draw water into the capillaries. At the
arterial end of the capillary bed, hydrostatic forces dominate and fluid moves out, while
at the venous end, osmotic forces dominate and the net fluid movement is into the
capillaries.

114
Q

Define vasoconstriction and vasodilation. What is the mechanism of regulation?

A

Vasoconstriction is a reduction in the lumen diameter of a blood vessel due to smooth
muscle contraction. Vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle
relaxation. Both are regulated by vasomotor nerve fibers of the sympathetic division of
the autonomic nervous system.

115
Q

Consider the diameter of one 4-mm blood vessel and two 2-mm blood vessels. Would the two
2-mm vessels carry more, less, or the same amount of fluid, given that pressure is a constant?
Why?

A

The two 2-mm vessels would deliver considerably less fluid for two reasons: (1) the
resistance in the smaller vessels is much greater and (2) the volume of the 4-mm vessel is greater than that of two 2-mm vessels. Draw a 4-inch circle; then put two 2-inch circles in it and notice the volume difference.

116
Q

Based on what we have learned about the regulation of blood flow to various organs, do you
think it is wiser to rest or exercise after a heavy meal? Explain your answer.

A

At rest, the abdominal organs receive approximately 24% of the total blood flow. With
exercise, blood flow is shifted away from abdominal organs to skeletal muscles. It
would therefore be wiser to rest after a heavy meal to allow optimum function of the organs of digestion and absorption of nutrients.

117
Q

The average thickness of an arteriole is six times that of the average venule, why?

A

The arteriole wall still contains some smooth muscle and some elastic fibers which tend
to be quite thick at times. This is needed due to the higher pressure in arterioles. The
venule, on the other hand, is more like a giant capillary with only occasional smooth
muscle fibers wrapped around it.

118
Q

Why do the blood vessel colors appear backwards on the models of the heart and the lungs?

A

They are backwards! The pulmonary vessels appear backwards from the rest of the body because the heart is pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated
blood toward the heart.

119
Q

The abdominal aorta divides into three arteries at its terminus, what are they?

A

Left and right common iliac arteries and the median sacral artery.

120
Q

The mesenteric arteries branch off the abdominal aorta, but the mesenteric veins do not
connect directly to the vena cava, why?

A

The mesenteric veins merge into the hepatic portal vein before entering the liver. The
liver dumps into the vena cava.

121
Q

Describe the effect of hypovolemic shock on the blood vessels and the heart.

A

Hypovolemic shock causes blood vessels to constrict to increase venous return and
maintain pressure. Heart rate increases to compensate for loss of blood pressure and to
maintain cardiac output. If volume loss continues, pressure eventually drops sharply and the shock becomes irreversible, leading to death.

122
Q

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease of blood vessels that is responsible for millions of
deaths each year. Describe the disease process, noting the involvement of specific cell/tissue
types and molecules.

A

The disease process involves several stages and usually affects the aorta and coronary
arteries. The initial event involves damage to the tunica intima caused by bloodborne chemicals or physical factors such as a blow or infection. Injured endothelial cells
release chemicals that increase the uptake by the endothelium of fats, LDLs, and cholesterol. This eventually attracts macrophages that ingest the oxidized fats and,
along with smooth muscle cells from the tunica media, transform into foam cells. Foam
cells become fatty streaks, which, along with collagen and elastin fibers secreted by
smooth muscle cells, form atherosclerotic plaques. These protrude into the lumen and narrow the blood vessels.

123
Q

A woman in her early 50s appeared at a walk-in clinic, complaining of aching pain in her right
leg following a fall. Visual examination revealed that the medial aspect of that leg was red and
swollen. A diagnosis of phlebitis was made. What is phlebitis, and what more serious
condition may result if proper healing does not occur?

A

Phlebitis is an inflammation of a vein accompanied by painful throbbing and redness of
the skin over the inflamed vessel. Thrombophlebitis (clot formation) can result if proper
healing does not occur. The danger in thrombophlebitis is the possibility that a clot
could detach and form an embolus.

124
Q

For each of the following situations, describe the anticipated effect on blood pressure and the
physiological basis of the response: (1) a high-salt diet, (2) a blow on the head that damages
(disables) the vasomotor center, (3) an attack by a mugger, and (4) a hypothalamic tumor
resulting in excess ADH production.

A

(1) A high-salt diet causes increased sodium in the blood, which increases total
extracellular fluid volume. This leads to increased blood volume and blood pressure. (2) Damage to the vasomotor center will cause a loss of vasomotor tone and a drop in blood pressure because the vasomotor center is the integrating center for blood pressure control. (3) During the mugger attack, blood pressure would increase due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation (the fight-or-flight response) triggered by the
hypothalamus. (4) Excess ADH production would cause an increase in blood pressure through increased water retention and therefore increased blood volume. ADH also stimulates vasoconstriction.

125
Q

Mrs. Gray, a 50-year-old mother of seven children, is complaining of dull, aching pains in her
legs. She reports that they have been getting progressively worse since the birth of her last
child. During her physical examination, numerous varicosities are seen in both legs. How are
varicosities recognized? What veins are most likely involved? What pathologic changes have
occurred in these veins, and what is the most likely cause in this patientʹs case?

A

Varicosities are recognized by the enlargement of the veins. Superficial veins are most
likely involved because they have little support from surrounding tissues. The veins
have become tortuous and dilated because of incompetent valves that allow the blood to
pool, stretching the vein walls. The likely cause in this patientʹs case is her pregnancies,
because the enlarged uterus exerts downward pressure on groin vessels, restricting
return blood flow to the heart.

126
Q

Mr. Wilson is a 45-year-old stockbroker with essential hypertension. He is African American, obese, and he smokes 2-3 packs of cigarettes daily. What risk factors for hypertension are typified by Mr. Wilson? What steps should be taken to treat Mr. Wilson, and what lifestyle changes should he make? What complications are likely if corrective steps are not taken?

A

The risk factors are obesity, race, a high-stress job, and smoking.

Mr. Wilson should lose
weight, reduce salt intake, quit smoking, and try to reduce his stress level, perhaps by
relaxation training. Medical intervention could include treatment with diuretics, beta
blockers, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.

Complications could include atherosclerosis, heart failure, renal failure, and stroke.

127
Q

A pregnant patient comes into a clinic and asks about a small dark bulge that is becoming
more apparent on her leg. What is it and what caused it?

A

The patient is getting a varicose vein. Due to the growing fetus putting downward
pressure on the vessels of the groin and restricting the return of blood to the heart, the
valves in the peripheral veins begin to fail. This causes blood pooling, which enlarges
these veins and puts additional strain on other peripheral vein valves down the line.

128
Q

At the battle of Shiloh in the American Civil War, Confederate General A. S. Johnston was killed when he was shot in the thigh. Witnesses reported that he bled to death almost before he
realized that he was wounded. Which blood vessel was most likely to have been injured? Why
is a tourniquet usually ineffective in stopping the bleeding from this wound?

A

The wound severed his femoral artery, the largest artery serving the lower limb. A tourniquet may be ineffective because it is a high-pressure, deep artery with a large diameter. It is therefore difficult to exert enough pressure through the thigh muscles to
stop the bleeding.

129
Q

A client lost a lot of blood during surgery and his blood pressure dropped from 120/80 to
90/50. Describe how the kidneys respond to this change in blood pressure.

A

When arterial blood pressure declines, special cells in the kidneys release the enzyme
renin into the blood. Renin triggers a series of enzymatic reactions that produce angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin causes an increase in systemic blood pressure, and increases the rate of blood delivery to the kidneys and
renal perfusion. It also stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone, a hormone
that enhances renal reabsorption of sodium, and prods the posterior pituitary to release
ADH, which promotes more water reabsorption. As sodium moves into the bloodstream, water follows; thus both blood volume and blood pressure rise.

130
Q

A client has an 80% blockage of his left anterior descending coronary artery. Describe what occurs in terms of myocardial oxygen supply and demand if his sympathetic nervous system is stimulated.

A

When the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated there is increased myocardial
contractility, which increases cardiac output and blood flow to active muscles. This increases the demand for oxygen to the cells. The coronary artery is a major blood vessel of the heart. When the demand for myocardial oxygen exceeds the ability of the coronary arteries to supply it, death of myocardial tissue can occur.

Mammalian Test Bank (3 decks)

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