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Microbiology > RT4 > Flashcards

RT4 Flashcards

1
Q

viral agents of infectious bronchitis and bronchiolitis

A

AIR - adenovirus, influenza virus, respiratory syncitial virus

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2
Q

bacterial agents of infectious bronchitis and bronchiolitis

A

bordatella pertussis, mycoplasma pneumonia, chlamydophilia pneumonia

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3
Q

clinical syndrome of bordatella pertussis

A

whooping cough (chronic bronchitis)

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4
Q

population susceptible to bordatella pertussis

A

unvaccinated children

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5
Q

reservoir of bordatella pertussis

A

adults (part of their normal flora) – who can pass it to children

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6
Q

what are bordatella toxins

A 
􏰀TCT = tracheal cytotoxin
􏰀PT = pertussis toxin
􏰀ACT = adenylate cyclase toxin 
􏰀DNT = dermonecrotic toxin
􏰀LOS = lipooligosaccharide
􏰀Filamentous haemagglutinin (FhA)
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7
Q

pathogenesis of bordatella pertussis

A

transmission –> adhesion –> growth and toxin release –> local and systemic pathology –> bacterial clearance (if the patient survives)

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8
Q

stages of whooping cough

A

incubation –> catarrhal (symptoms of common cold) –> paroxysmal (coughing vomiting) –> convalescence

all this happens in a matter of days

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9
Q

sample used for bordatella pertussis and what type of sampling to avoid?

A
  • get a nasopharyngeal swab then do PCR

- avoid cotton swab because they contain lipids and bordatella pertussis is easily killed by lipids/inhibits its growth

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10
Q

how to prevent bordatella pertussis

A

DaPT – acellular Pertussis

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11
Q

what happens over time with bordatella pertussis vaccine

A

immunity decreases over time – vaccine does not last a lifetime so must give boosters

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12
Q

what culture is used for bordatella pertussis

A

charcoal blood agar (bordet-gangou) with cephalosporin

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13
Q

clinical syndrome of HPIV (human parainfluenza virus) (paramyxovirinae)

A

laryngotracheobronchitis, bronchitis

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14
Q

physical feature of HPIV

A

-ssRNA, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase on surface, F spike (fusion protein), enveloped

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15
Q

pathogenesis of HPIV

A

important proteins/enzymes are HA, NA, F-protein, V protein

-V protein is also a fusion protein which is needed for evasion of host immune response; also will alter cell cycle, prevent apoptosis, inhibit synthesis of interferon and dsRNA signaling

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16
Q

what is Croup

A

aka laryngotracheobronchitis commonly caused by respiratory viruses (HPIV, pneumovirus, RSV)

17
Q

symptoms of Croup

A

􏰀-Happens mostly in young children and infants -􏰀Swelling and narrowing of the airway
-􏰀Distinctive cough, sounds like the barking of a seal.
􏰀-Can rarely be fatal, especially if case is mishandled

18
Q

what infection tends to be worse if vaccinated against using heat-killed vaccine

A

RSV infection (Respiratory Syncitial Virus)

19
Q

what leads to clinical outcome of RSV infection

A

tropism of respiratory epithelium, anatomy of airways, immunologic response

20
Q

how is epidemic flu transmitted

A

from man to man (even though it is zoonotic)

21
Q

how is influenza transmitted

A

inhalation of respiratory droplets

22
Q

adult symptoms of flu

A
  • Rapid onset after short incubation of 1 to 4 days
  • Sudden malaise and headache lasting a few hours
  • Abrupt rise of fever, chills, severe muscle aches. Loss of appetite, non-productive cough. This can last from 3 to 8 days
  • Recovery is complete in 7 to 10 days
  • Patient is contagious from before symptoms appear (end of day 1) for the next 7 days
  • Risk of secondary infection highest in time from 6 to 12 days after infection
23
Q

children’s symptoms of flu

A

-symptoms in adult flu plus the following:
-􏰀Higher fever
-􏰀G.I symptoms: (Vomiting, Abdominal pain)
-􏰀Ear ache (Otitis Media)
􏰀-Muscle pain and sometimes swelling
􏰀-Croup often but not always
-􏰀􏰀Febrile Convulsions (Children under 3: Rare)

24
Q

describe the symptoms in a common cold: fever, headache, general malaise, nasal discharge, sore throat, vomiting/diarrhea

A

rare fever and headache, slight general malaise, abundant nasal discharge, common sore throat, rare vomiting/diarrhea

25
Q

describe the symptoms in a flu: fever, headache, general malaise, nasal discharge, sore throat, vomiting/diarrhea

A

common fever and headache, severe general malaise, less common nasal discharge, less common sore throat, common vomiting/diarrhea

26
Q

complications of flu

A

Primary Viral Pneumonias
􏰀Secondary Bacterial Pneumonias
􏰀Muscle inflammation – Cardiac involvement
􏰀Rare Neurological syndromes

27
Q

which types of influenza are hemagglutinin and neuraminidase present

A

all except for type C

28
Q

which influenza type is most important

A

type A because it infects both humans and animals and can cause epidemics and pandemics

while type B and C are only in humans
type B can cause only epidemics
type C cannot do either

29
Q

two surface glycoprotein on influenza and their function

A

hemagglutinin - helps virus get into the host cell by adhering to the respiratory tissues
neuraminidase - helps virus get out of the host cell

M2 protein is on A only (ion channel)
all three are where antigenic variation can occur

30
Q

animals that are reservoir for influenza type A

A

ducks and pigs

31
Q

how many H types and N types are found in ducks

A

all 15Hs and 9Ns

32
Q

can immunity for H1 give immunity for H2

A

no, one has to develop immunity for each type separately

33
Q

which human hemagglutinin types have not been associated with a human disease

A

H6 through H15 with the exception of H7N9

it is possible that H4 may not exist

34
Q

how many segments of RNA are needed for influenza

A

A and B must have 8 segments
C must have 7 segments
all segments must all be different

35
Q

features of hemagglutinin

A
  • rod shaped
  • it’s 25% of the viral protein
  • major antigen - neutralizing Ab directed at it
  • highly variable
  • 4 subtypes - H1-3, H5
  • requires cleavage by cellular proteases to be active
  • changes in structure of protein that alters it length so that it can grab on to the target host cell
36
Q

features and function of neuraminidase

A
  • sialidase enzyme (removes terminal sialic acid from glycoproteins and glycolipids)
  • enables release of newly budding viruses from host
  • helps virus move through the mucin layer
  • two subtypes N1 and N2???
  • no stimulation of neutralizing antibodies

Microbiology (39 decks)

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