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NPLEX I > Physiology- Muscular > Flashcards

Physiology- Muscular Flashcards

1
Q

What is the contractile until of muscle?

A

sarcomere

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2
Q

What is the name of the organelle in the muscle cell that is high in calcium?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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3
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction?

A

acetylcholine

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4
Q

What substance fluxes through open gated channels when the action potential reaches the terminal bouton?

A

calcium

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5
Q

The depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane is known as what?

A

The end plate potential

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6
Q

Why will the end plate potential always reach threshold every time?

A

because it is a suprathreshold

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7
Q

What stops the action of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft?

A

acetyl choline esterase

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8
Q

Adrenergic synapses use what neurotransmitter?

A

norepinephrine

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9
Q

What are the 2 contractile proteins of muscle?

A

Actin and myosin

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10
Q

Which of the contractile proteins is found in the thin filament?

A

actin

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11
Q

Which of the contractile proteins is found in the thick filament?

A

myosin

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12
Q

What are the 2 regulatory proteins that are also found on the thin filament?

A

troponin, tropomyosin

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13
Q

Which is the regulatory protein that has an inhibitory action on the formation of actin-myosin complex?

A

tropomyosin

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14
Q

What substance causes the troponin-tropomyosin complex to fall away from the active site of the actin molecule?

A

calcium

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15
Q

to which of the regulatory proteins does calcium bind?

A

troponin

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16
Q

What substance is bound to the myosin head?

A

ATP

17
Q

What two things do we need to get the muscle to relax?

A
  1. Removal of calcium

2. ATP bound to the myosin head

18
Q

Lifting and setting down contraction with muscle shortening and lengthening is known as what type of contraction?

A

Isotonic

19
Q

Contraction with no external muscle shortening is what type of contraction?

A

Isometric

20
Q

The force-velocity curve depicts what type of muscle contraction?

A

isotonic (velocity indicates movement)

21
Q

The length-tension curve depicts what type of muscle contraction?

A

Isometric

22
Q

Posture, heat generation, nerve nutrition of muscle and general circulation are all function of what?

A

muscle tone

23
Q

What is it called when a series of action potentials reach a muscle such that it cannot relax and so force within a muscle is built to a maximum?

A

summation of twitches –> tetany

24
Q

Accumulation of calcium in the cytoplasm is the mechanism for what?

A

summation of twitches

25
Q

What are the 3 muscle types?

A

Fast oxidative glycolytic
Slow oxidative
Fast glycolytic

26
Q

Marathon runners have more of what muscle fiber?

A

slow oxidative

27
Q

Sprinter have more of what type of muscle fiber?

A

fast glycolytic

28
Q

Where do you find smooth muscle in the body?

A

Hollow organs, blood vessels, lymphatics, skin (piloerection), eye

29
Q

What are the 2 different types of smooth muscle?

A
  1. Multi unit

2. visceral-contracts as a single unit

30
Q

Piloerection and the ciliary muscles of the eyes are examples of what type of muscle?

A

multi unit smooth muscle

31
Q

Gap junctions are found in which type of smooth muscle?

A

viscera (single unit)

32
Q

What is the cytoplasmic binding protein found in smooth muscle?

A

Calmodulin

33
Q

What are 2 possible sources of calcium for smooth muscle contraction?

A
  1. mitochonrion

2. intracellular vescicles

34
Q

How does relaxation of smooth muscle differ from relaxation of skeletal muscle?

A

It requires a light chain phosphates enzyme to remove phosphate from myosin. In skeletal muscle, relaxation is based on the repute of calcium and ATP binding to myosin head

35
Q

What are the 2 types of action potentials in smooth muscle?

A
  1. spike potential

2. Plateau potential

36
Q

The gut, blood vessels experience what type of smooth muscle action potential?

A

spike

37
Q

The uterus and bladder experience what type of smooth muscle action potential?

A

plateau potential

38
Q

Smooth muscle contraction is regulated in what 2 ways?

A
  1. Neurally i.e. via neurotransmitters

2. hormonally via blood borne agents (epic), local tissue factors (O2, CO2, H+)

39
Q

What happens to smooth muscle when it is stretched?

A

It will often lead to a spike potential and a contraction

NPLEX I (22 decks)

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