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Anatomy Final > #1 Reticular Formation > Flashcards

#1 Reticular Formation Flashcards

1
Q

______ is the Central core of the brainstem.

A

Reticular formation

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2
Q

The Reticular formation is important in the regulation of what 6 things?

A
  1. Posture
  2. Some stereotypic motor behaviors
  3. the internal environment
  4. Pain regulation
  5. Sleep & wakefulness
  6. Emotional tone
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3
Q

What are the 3 zones of the reticular formation? DESCRIBE EACH ONE.

A
  1. Raphe or median = just adjacent to sagittal plane.
  2. Paramedian or medial (Middle) = mixture of large and small neurons, source of most ascending and descending projections.
  3. Lateral = prominent in rostral medulla and caudal pons, primarily involved in cranial nerve reflexes and visceral functions.
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4
Q

What causes sleep paralysis?

A

When you wake up but your pons does not….

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5
Q

RF divides into 3 tracts… what are they?

A

Two reticulospinal tracts:
- 1 Medial: pons; ipsilateral, descends near MLF & in anterior funiculus.

  • 2 Lateral: medulla, descend bilaterally in lateral funiculus.
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6
Q

The Reticular formation is the major alternative to the ________ in regulating spinal motor neurons.

A

Corticospinal tract

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7
Q

Reticulo spinal tract neurons receive input from many areas including….

A

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, substantia nigra

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8
Q

The vertical gaze center is found where?

A

Midbrain

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9
Q

The horizontal gaze center is found where?

A

Pons

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10
Q

Mastication pattern generator is located where?

A

Supratrigeminal Nucleus

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11
Q

The Medulla “Vital center” controls what?

A

Locomotion
Heart Rate
Respiration
Swallowing & Vomiting

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12
Q

Problems with the Reticular Formation can cause what stereotyped movement disorder?

A

Bruxism (tooth grinding)

*both opening and closing muscles are contracting at same time.

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13
Q

What is the Central cause theory regarding Bruxism?

A

Sleep-related dysfunction cause bruxism. Input to supratrigeminal nucleus may be from basal ganglia, lateral hypothalamus and central nucleus of the Amygdala.

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14
Q

How does the Reticular Formation moderate transmission in Pain pathways?

A

Periaqueductal gray (PAG) is central one well described pain suppression system.

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15
Q

PAG receives pain info from ______ fibers.

A

Spinomesencephalic fibers

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16
Q

PAG runs to _______ then to _______.

A

Raphe and then to posterior horn of spinal cord/spinal V nucleus.

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17
Q

_______ work to control pain by activating PAG-raphe at multiple levels.

A

Opiates

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18
Q

How is the Reticular formation related to Autonomic Reflex circuitry?

A
  • A lot of visceral information reaches the RF.

- RF responds to environmental changes and PROJECTS to brainstem autonomics nuclei and spinal cord.

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19
Q

RF Centers controlling inspiration, expiration and rhythm of breathing are located where?

A

In pons and medulla.

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20
Q

Where are heart rate and blood pressure controls located?

A

Medulla

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21
Q

True or false. The Reticular formation is critical in arousal and consciousness?

A

True!

  • The RF projects to the thalamus and cortex!
  • Midbrain and pons RF get input from multiple sensory modalities (pain &spinoreticular fibers)
  • Project to thalamic intralaminar nuclei, ehich diffusely project to cortex.
  • Heightens arousal in response to sensory stimuli or tasks that demand attention.
22
Q

RF _______ & ______ work together to modulate cortical activity.

A

Thalamic intralaminar nuclear projections & monoamine reticular projections

23
Q

What is the main monoamine of the brainstem?

A

Norepinephrine

*Also dopamine and serotonin

24
Q

What is the neurochemical signature of the hypothalamus?

A

Histamine containing neurons.

25
Q

What is the neurochemical signature of the Telencephalon?

A

Acetylcholine

26
Q

Where are Noradrenergic neurons found?

A

Medulla
- solitary nucleus (memory enhancement)
Rostral Pons
- Locus Ceruleus
- Cortex (arousal ) vigilance and attention.
- Ventrolateral medulla
- Spinal cord = pain regulation.

27
Q

Where is the Locus Ceruleus?

A

At base of Cerebellar Stalk ( looks like a black/blue sliver)

28
Q

True or false. Noradrenergic projection are very diffuse.

A

True! especially in somatosensory cortex

29
Q

What might a shortage of Norepinephrine cause?

A

Clinical depression

  • Locus Ceruleus activity is reduced.
  • Parkinsons disease patients often suffer from depression b/c locus ceruleus neurons are lost.
  • Drugs used to treat depression increase rate of firing at Locus ceruleus.
30
Q

What might increased levels of Norepinephrine cause?

A

Panic disorder

31
Q

What do the Neurons of the Locus Ceruleus do?

A

Respond to novel environmental stimuli.

  • Stimuli produces:
  • Increased state of arousal.
  • Feeling of anticipation
  • Norepinephrine released in cortex facilities attention to selected stimuli.
32
Q

Where is Norepinephrine realized to suppress incoming pain signals?

A

Spinal nucleus and spinal cord.

33
Q

Where are Dopaminergic neurons of the midbrain located?

A
  • Substantia Nigra (putamen & caudate)

- Ventral tegmental area (limbic system)

34
Q

What are the divisions of the Ventral Tegmental Area responsible for? (2)

A

Mesocortical fibers = Organized thinking & planning; Heavy projections to frontal cortex.

Mesolimbic fibers (Nucleus accumbens, amygdala) = emotional reward & drug dependency.

35
Q

Nigrostriatal neurons are important in what kind of function?

A

Motor function

36
Q

______ is major source of dopamine.

A

Ventral Tegmental area

37
Q

Schizophrenia is thought to be linked with problems of what area?

A

Ventral segmental area

  • Disorganized thinking (Frontal lobe)
  • Hallucinations (Limbic system/Temporal lobe)
38
Q

Schizophrenic hallucination are associated with ______ of dopamine in the limbic system.

A

High levels

39
Q

Schizophrenic social withdrawal is associated with _____ of dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex.

A

Low levels

40
Q

Where are Serotonergic neurons located?

A

Pretty much all brainstem levels in raphe….so Raphe Nuceli.

41
Q

What is the ultimate function of Serotonergic neurons?

A

Help you focus and ignore distractions

42
Q

The midbrain raphe nuclei up to all regions of the cortex do what?

A
  • attention = inhibition of distracting nuclei.

- Hypothalamus = day night cycle.

43
Q

The Medullary raphia nuclei down to spinal cord are know as what?

A

Nucleus Raphe Magnus

44
Q

Selective Serotonin Reuptake inhibitors are used for what?

A

Treatment of Clinical depression

45
Q

Serotonergic projections are very diffuse, but especially in what 2 areas?

A

Sensory and Limbic Areas

46
Q

What do low level of serotonin cause?

A
  • High carb consumption
  • Binge eating
  • Carb preference in obese women
47
Q

What do high levels of serotonin cause?

A
  • compulsive behavior and anorexia nervosa.
48
Q

Drugs that increase serotonin levels would be used to treat what?

A

Depression and Anxiety

49
Q

____ produces acetylcholine.

A

Cholinergic neurons found in the basal forebrain; basal nucleus (of meynert) & Part of RF = dorsolateral pontine tegmentum.

50
Q

What is one of the functions of the Dorsolateral pontine tegmentum of the RF?

A

Sleep and wakefulness

51
Q

Where do cholinergic projections project to?

A

to cortex mostly.

* a little bit to limbic also.

Anatomy Final (15 decks)

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