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Anatomy Final > Forebrain and Limbic System > Flashcards

Forebrain and Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

What is does the Diencephalon consist of?

A

The 4 thalamic structures!

  1. Epithalamus =
  2. Thalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
  4. Subthalamus
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2
Q

What two stuctures make up the Epithalamus and what do they do?

A
  1. Pineal gland = Secretes melatonin, released during darkness, regulates sleep-wake cycles.
  2. Habenula = paired near base of pineal gland.
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3
Q

What is the major input and output for the Habenula?

A 
Input = Stria medullaris, limbic input
Output = Habenulointerpeduncular tract (Fasciculus retrofelxus)  to midbrain RF.
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4
Q

_____ is the gateway to the cortex.

A

The thalamus

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5
Q

What pathways does the thalamus act as a relay for?

A
  • All sensory except olfaction
  • The cerebellum. basal ganglia, limbic system.
  • These systems use different parts with some overlap so thalamus is composed of distinct nuclei.
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6
Q

What are the 6 subdivisons of thalamic nuclei?

A
  1. Anterior divison: Anterior Nucleus
  2. Medial division: Dorsomedial nucleus
  3. Lateral Divison:
    - Dorsal tier = lateral dorsal, lateral posterior & pulvinar nuclei
    - Ventral tier = ventral Anterior, Ventral Lateral, ventral Posterior, and medial & Lateral geniculates nuclei.
  4. Intralaminar: Centromedian, parafasciular, and other nuclei.
  5. Reticular nucleus
  6. Midline nucleus
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7
Q

Which subdivision of the thalamus is the largest?

A

The Lateral subdivision

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8
Q

Subdivisions of the Thalamus are defined by ___________.

A

Internal medullary lamina (IML) “kinda like a membrane that separates divisions)

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9
Q

_______ sits in a split in the IML.

A

Anterior subdivision

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10
Q

All thalamic nuclei (except the reticular nucleus) are based on the same general theme…all consist of what?

A
  • Projection neurons: provide output form thalamus
  • Interneurons = small inhibitory.
  • Projections vary from nucleus to nucleus.
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11
Q

What are the two types of thalamic inputs?

A
  • Specific inputs

- Regulatory inputs

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12
Q

What is the function of the Specific inputs of the thalamus?

A

Conveys info a thalamic nucleus passes on nearly directly to the cortex (ex. medial leminisus to VPL or pic tract to LGN)

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13
Q

What is the function of the Regulatory Input of the thalamus?

A

Thalamic nucleus contributes to the info it receives before it is passed on to cortex.

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14
Q

Describe the function of the relay Nuclei…

A

Relay nuclei = receive well defined specific input from a subcortical source (Such as medial lemniscus) and projects to a well defined area of cortex (Such as spomatosensory cortex)

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15
Q

Describe the function of the Association Nuclei….

A

Receives specific inputs from association cortex (Like prefrontal cortex) and projects back.

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16
Q

Describe the function of the Intralaminar and midline Nuclei….

A

Receive distinct set of specific inputs (Basal ganglia, limbic structures)
*Project to cortex, basal ganglia and limbic system

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17
Q

What are the 3 specific types of thalamic nuclei?

A

Specific
Association
Intralaminar & midline

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18
Q

How is the reticular nucleus different from the other nuclei?

A

Its different because it has no projections to the cortex!
Its nucleus is a sheet of neurons that covers the thalamus. Axons must traverse nucleus to enter/leave thalamus and send collaterals to it.

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19
Q

What does the reticular nucleus do?

A

Important source of regulatory input to thalamus.

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20
Q

What are the main inputs and outputs of the Reticular nucleus?

A 
Input = cortex & Thalamus
Output = Inhibitory axons to thalamus
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21
Q

______, ________ & ______ have relay nuclei.

A

Sensory, Motor and Limbic systems

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22
Q

Motor system has what kind of relay nuclei?

A

VA & VL

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23
Q

Sensory system has what kind of relay nuclei?

A

VPL & VPM

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24
Q

Limbic system has what kind of relay nuclei?

A

Anterior & Lateral division

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25
Q

______ & _______ are main association Nuclei?

A

Dorsomedial & Pulvinar

*2 huge areas of association cortex.

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26
Q

DM is the association nuclei for _______ .

A

Prefrontal cortex (Foresight & affect)

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27
Q

Pulivinar-LP Complex is the association nuclei for ______, ______ & _______.

A

Parietal, occipital & temporal lobes of cortex.

Function unknown maybe visual?

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28
Q

Almost all fibers going to or from the cortex pass through the _______.

A

Internal capsule

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29
Q

What is the Internal Capsule?

A

Area kind of surrounding the Putamen & globus pallidus (Together = lenticular nucleus) thats collects and forms cerebral peduncle down. *Corticopontine, corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers all descend through the IC.

30
Q

What are the 5 parts of the Internal capsule?

A
  • Based on relationship to lenticular nucleus….
    1. Anterior limb = Lenticular nucleus, caudate
    2. Posterior Limb = Lenticular nucleus, thalamus
    3. Genu = between A & P Limbs
    4. Retrolenticular
    5. Sublenticular
31
Q

What does the Anterior limb of the IC contain?

A

Ant. nucleus -> Cingulate gyrus

DM -> Prefrontal cortex

32
Q

What does the Post. Limb go the IC contain?

A

VA/VL -> motor areas -> brainstem/spinal cord

VPL/VPM -> somatosensory cortex

33
Q

What does the Retrolenticular limb of the IC contain?

A

MGN -> Auditory complex

Pulvinar/LP -> parietal, occipital, temporal cortex

34
Q

What does the Sublenticular limb of the IC contain?

A

LGN -> Visual cortex

* Fact check?

35
Q

What does the Limbic system do?

A

Generates feelings/ emoting from sensory inputs, evolved to promote survival so variable depending on physiological needs.

36
Q

What parts of the brain are included in the limbic system? (3)

A
  • cingulate & parahippocampal gyrus
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
37
Q

_________ bridges autonomic/voluntary responses to environmental changes.

A

Limbic system

38
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Critical in autonomic, endocrine, emotional and somatic functions; maintains physiological range or homeostasis.

39
Q

What are the 3 main connections of the Hypothalamus?

A
  1. Interconnected with limbic system.
  2. Output to pituitary
  3. Interconnects visceral/somatic nuclei
40
Q

What is the Longitundal organization of the hypothalamus?

A

Ant. region
Tuberal Region
Post. region

41
Q

What is the Medial lateral organization of the Hypothalamus?

A 
Lateral = rostral continuation of RF
Perivent = Rostral continuation of periaqueductal gray
Medial = nuclei
42
Q

What are the 2 important inputs of the Hypothalamus?

A
  1. Parts of forebrain, especially limbic system (Convey info needed fro the hypothalamus to mediate autonomic/somatic aspects of emotional states)
  2. Brainstem & Spinal cord (conveys viceral & Sensory info)
43
Q

What parts of the forebrain/limbic system play a part in hypothalamic input?

A
  • Septal nuclei
  • Ventral striatum
  • Insula, orbitofrontal cortex
  • All above from MFB
  • Hippocampus
  • Via fornix
  • Amygdala
  • Via stria terminalis, Ventral amygdalogugal pathway (VAP)
44
Q

What parts of the Spinalcord/brainstem play a part in hypothalamic input?

A

Many inputs use medial forebrain bundle, dorsal longitudinal fasciulus (DLF)

*Other pathways as well. (STT Collaterals)

45
Q

Describe the Outputs of the hypothalamus…

A

Same pathways used by inputs.

*Cortical outputs end diffusely.

46
Q

_______ controls both pituitary lobes.

A

Hypothalamus

47
Q

Antiduretic hormone or vasopressin does what?

A

Increases water reabsorption & Decreases urine output

48
Q

Oxytocin does what?

A

Contraction of uterine and other smooth muscles

49
Q

______ carries adeno releasing or inhibiting hormones.

A

Adenohypophysis of pituitary gland

50
Q

______ caries antiduretic hormone and oxytocin.

A

Neurohypophysis of pituitary gland

51
Q

What structure of the limbic system is MORE involved with emotional response?

A

Amygdala

52
Q

What structure of the limbic system is involved with learning and memory?

A

Hippocampus (Cause hippos never forget……oh wait…no thats elephants.)

53
Q

What structures of the limbic system are associated with the Amygdala?

A

Ventromedial prefrontal, anterior temporal and insular cortex as a liasion to neocortex *Dorsomedial thalamic nucleus

54
Q

What structures of the limbic system are associated with the Hippocampus?

A

Posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex as a liaison to neocortex
*Ant. Nucleus of thalamus and mammillary bodies

55
Q

Describe the structure and location of the Amygdala….

A

In the anterior, medial temporal lobe.
Merges with periamygdaloid cortex; part of uncle surface.
*Has 3 nuclear groups

56
Q

What are the 3 Nuclear groups of the Amygdala?

A
  • Has 3 nuclear groups
  • medial = olfaction
  • Central = hypothal, PAG, (emotional responses)
  • Basolateral = cortex; central nuclei (emotional response)
57
Q

Amygdala inputs take 4 routes, what are they?

A
  1. Stria terminalis: from hypothalamus & septal Nuclei
  2. Ventral Amygdalofugal pathway: from thalamus, hypothalamu, orbital and anterior cingulate cortex.
  3. Lateral olfactory tract: olfactory build & olfactory cortex
  4. Directly from temporal lobe cortex and hippocampus
58
Q

Fibers leave amygdala through ______ & _______.

A

Stria teminalis & VAG

59
Q

Amygdala output to Ventral striatum is believed to be a means fro what?

A

a means for drive related info to influence decisions about movement.

60
Q

Tell me about the Limbic loop in basal ganglia…

A

Allows drive related info to influence movement

  • associates stimuli with rewards
  • pleasure results in increase VS dopamine release.
61
Q

_____ line the perception of an object/ situation with the correct emotional response (especially with danger)

A

Amygdala

62
Q

Inputs to amygdala include what?

A
  • Thalamus & Cortex = inform amygdala about situations or object in the environment
  • Hypothalamus & limbic system = inform amygdala about current physiologic and emotional state.
63
Q

The outputs from the amygdala include what?

A
  • Ventral striatum, hypothalamus and brainstem = initiate emotional responses.
  • Cortex = increases awareness
  • Limbic system = contributes to emotional experience.
64
Q

Describe Kluver-Bucy Syndrome…

A
  • Bilateral temporal lobe injury, involves amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus.
  • fearless, placid, no emotions.
  • Males hypersexual
  • inordiante attetion to all stimuli (Sniff and eat everything)
65
Q

Where is the fornix of the hippocampus and what is its function?

A
  • has a long course under the corpus also and it is an important hippocampal output pathway.
66
Q

The ______ and the ____ are 2 interlocking c’s.

A

Dentate and Hippocampus

67
Q

What are the 3 distinct zones of the Hippocampus?

A
  1. Dentate gyrus
  2. Hippocampus proper (Cornu ammonia)
  3. Subiculum =Transition between hippocampus proper and adjacent parahippocampal cortex.
68
Q

Describe the 8 Hippocampal output-inputs….Look at slides fro this too.

A
  1. Afferent fibers from sensory cortex input to Entorhinal cortex.
  2. Entorhinal Cortex projects to dentate gyrus
  3. Dentate neuron projects to CA3
  4. CA3 Neuron projects into fimbria & CA1
  5. CA1 neuron projects to subiculum
  6. Subiculum projects to fimbria (alvear pathway)
  7. Subicular neuron projects to entorhinal cortex
  8. Entorhinal neuron projects to sensory cortex.
69
Q

Where does the main source of afferent fibers enter the hippocampus?

A

Entorhinal cortex (gets info from olfactory and other areas)

70
Q

Where do the majority of Efferents leave the hippocampus and where do they go?

A

Leave via the subiculum; some go to entorhinal cortex, but MOST go thru fornix.

71
Q

Describe the Papez circuit, What structures are involved?

A

Interactions among limbic structures, cortex and Hypothalamus.

Anatomy Final (15 decks)

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