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physio- exam 2 > endocrinology of growth > Flashcards

endocrinology of growth Flashcards

1
Q

what are the non-endocrine factors that regulate growth?

A

genetics is a principle factor

nutrition is critical

freedom from disease

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2
Q

what are the important growth-regulating endocrine factors?

A

hormones of the growth axis

thyroid hormones

glucose-regulating hormones

gonadal steroids

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3
Q

what are the 2 basic requirements for growth?

A

cell division/replication

protein synthesis

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4
Q

the final height of a human is determined by the growth of ___________

A

long bones

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5
Q

long bones grow as _____________ cartilage is replaced by bone

A

epiphyseal plate

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6
Q

cartilage replacement in long bones adds bone to which end of the diaphysis?

A

both ends

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7
Q

T/F: during the growth of long bones, the bone can make its own IGF-1

A

true

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8
Q

when do epiphyseal plates ossify?

A

during puberty

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9
Q

what are the two hypothalamic hormones that regulate GH secretion?

A

1) GHRH

2) somatostatin (SS)

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10
Q

what hypothalamic hormone decreases GH production? which increases it?

A

Decrease production- Somatostatin (SS)

increase production- GHRH

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11
Q

pituitary GH has what direct effects on somatic tissue?

A

1) stimulates protein synthesis

2) anti-insulin effects

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12
Q

Growth hormone (GH) will stimulate secretion of ______ from the liver and other tissues

A

IGF-1

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13
Q

T/F: feedback regulation of GH secretion is both long-loop and short-loop negative feedback

A

true

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14
Q

IGF-1 will ________ the secretion of GH & GHRH

A

decrease

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15
Q

what hormone will be increased when IGF-1 levels rise?

A

SS (somatostatin)

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16
Q

both GHRH and SS exhibit what patterns of secretion?

A

contrasting diurnal patterns

GHRH stimulated during early sleep, SS stimulated more during the day

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17
Q

both _____ and _____ (hormones) are needed for proper growth

A

GH and IGF-1

18
Q

_______ growth is the result of interactions between GH and IGF-1

A

somatic

19
Q

what can cause deficiencies in GH and IGF-1

A

1) genetic mutations (but NOT for IGF-1, or fetus would die)

2) deficits caused by malnutrition

20
Q

how does GH production change with age?

A

high during adolescence

lowest during adulthood

21
Q

what type of hormone can regulate the production of GH?

A

sex steroids- particularly Androgens

estradiol & testosterone

22
Q

how do androgens stimulate GH synthesis? IGF-1 synthesis?

A

Stimulate GH by increasing GHRH secretion

Stimulate IGF-1 directly

23
Q

__________, a sex hormone, will stimulate the ossification & fusion of epiphyseal bone plates

A

estradiol

24
Q

T/F: cortisol/glucocorticiods have anti-growth effects

A

true

25
Q

cortisol will inhibit _______ and ______ secretion

A

GHRH and GH

26
Q

excess production of GH results in ________ and _______

A

acromegaly and gigantism

27
Q

gigantism results from ___________ onset of excess GH

A

prepubertal

28
Q

what does acromegaly result from?

A

postpubertal onset of excess GH

29
Q

_________ is also known as “GH insensitivity”

A

dwarfism

30
Q

what occurs during dwarfism?

A

no IGF-1 synthesis

they still have IGF-2, or else they would die

31
Q

what causes achondroplasia?

A

fibroblast growth factor receptor is constitutively active

32
Q

_________ will result in abnormal cartilage formation

A

achondroplasia

33
Q

symptoms of people taking growth hormone will resemble _________

A

acromegaly

34
Q

what are the symptoms of acromegaly?

A
  • no increase in height
  • bones increase in thickness
  • muscle size increases (hypertrophy of heart)
  • increase blood glucose and fatty acids
35
Q

what causes diabetes?

A

a disruption in the normal function of insulin

36
Q

insulin is a _______ hormone produced by the pancreas

A

peptide

37
Q

loss of insulin function can lead to __________, and can be fatal

A

ketoacidosis

38
Q

what are the symptoms ketoacidosis?

A
  • increased ketones in blood

- increase in kidney filtration

39
Q

type 2 diabetes is a combination of what?

A

insulin resistance & insulin deficiency

40
Q

common symptoms of diabetes relate to increases in ________________

A

circulating glucose

41
Q

chronic hyperglycemia leads to what common complications of diabetes?

A

1) kidney failure
2) vascular disease
3) blindness
4) skin & mucosal infections
5) periodontal disease

42
Q

how is diabetes a problem for dental providers?

A
  • decreases blood flow
  • dehydration
  • increase risk of periodontal disease

physio- exam 2 (5 decks)

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