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physio- exam 2 > endocrinoly 3- the adrenal gland > Flashcards

endocrinoly 3- the adrenal gland Flashcards

1
Q

where are the adrenal glands located?

A

on top of each kidney

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2
Q

the adrenal gland is actually two _______ that form what?

A

two distinct glands

form one organ

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3
Q

the adrenal _______ is the inner portion of the gland. what does it develop from?

A

adrenal medulla

develops from neural crest cells

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4
Q

t/f: the adrenal medulla is part of the sympathetic nervous system

A

true

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5
Q

what does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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6
Q

the _____________ makes up the outer portion of the adrenal gland. how many layers is it arranged into?

A

adrenal cortex

arranged into 3 layers

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7
Q

what does the adrenal cortex develop from? what system is it part of?

A

develops from intermediate mesoderm

part of the ENDOCRINE system (not nervous)

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8
Q

the adrenal medulla is a modified _____________

A

sympathetic ganglion

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9
Q

what do the preganglionic neurons release onto the adrenal medulla?

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

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10
Q

chromaffin cells have no _______, and instead secrete what substances?

A

have no axons

secrete NE and E

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11
Q

what does the action of phenyl-N-methyltransferase lead to?

A

the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine

occurs in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

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12
Q

the effects of NE and E as hormones mimic what?

A

the sympathetic nervous system acting via synapses with target organs

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13
Q

t/f: norepinephrine remains in the blood longer than epinephrine

A

false

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14
Q

name the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa

zona fasciculata

zona reticularis

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15
Q

which zone of the adrenal cortex releases mineralcorticoids? what hormone is produced?

A

zona glomerulosa

releases ALDOSTERONE

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16
Q

which zone of the adrenal cortex releases DHEA and androstenedione? what category of hormones are these?

A

zona reticularis

androgen steriods- sex hormones

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17
Q

cortisol and corticosterone are both released by the _______________. What type of hormones are these?

A

zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex

they are GLUCOCORTICOIDS

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18
Q

steroids from the adrenal cortex are released in response to ______, except which hormone?

A

in response to ACTH

Aldosterone is the exception- its secretion is regulated by other signals

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19
Q

what is the major target of Aldosterone? what are the effects?

A

targets the Kidney

  • stimulates Na+ and water RETENTION by the kidneys
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20
Q

the zona glomerulosa contains high levels of ________, and is deficient in enzymes that convert corticosterone to what?

A

aldosterone synthase

deficient in enzymes that convert corticosterone into cortisol or androgens

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21
Q

where is aldosterone synthase found?

A

in the zona glomerulosa (of the adrenal cortex)

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22
Q

secretion of aldosterone is stimulated by:

A
  • increase in plasma ANGIOTENSIN 2, ACTH, or potassium
  • decrease in plasma pH
  • decrease in blood pressure
23
Q

increased ______ intake will inhibit aldosterone secretion

A

sodium

24
Q

what are the 3 ways in which aldosterone increase reabsorption of Na+?

A

1) increase # of sodium channels
2) increase # of Na/K-ATPase pumps
3) increase ATP output from mitochondria (to supply pump)

25
Q

the zona fasciculata secretes __________

A

glucocorticoids

26
Q

what regulates glucocorticoid synthesis/secretion

A

ACTH

27
Q

ATCH is stimulated by ____. what hormone has a negative feedback effect on both of these

A

stimulated by CRH

CORTISOL has a negative feedback on both

28
Q

what are the major effects of glucocorticoids?

A

increase metabolic fuel availability and use

29
Q

what are the minor effects of glucocorticoids that become important during a stress response?

A
  • helps maintain blood pressure

- inhibits non-essential functions

30
Q

DHEA is the precursor to what other hormones?

A

precursor of other sex steroids

31
Q

____________ is the extragonadal source of testosterone and estradiol that can be made from DHEA

A

androstenedione

32
Q

what regulates androstenedione?

A

ACTH

NOT GnRH

33
Q

what are the effects of adrenal sex steroids?

A

mood effects, hair growth, erythropoiesis (red blood cells)

34
Q

the stress response is critical for maintaining __________

A

homeostasis

35
Q

what is a stress response?

A

responses of the stress acid to a stressor that stimulates HYPOTHALAMIC CRH neurons and inputs to the SNS

36
Q

what does SNS activation as a result of the stress response cause?

A

specific organ responses

increased circulating epinephrine from adrenal medulla

37
Q

activation of the HPA axis results in what?

A

increased cortisol secretion

38
Q

name the 3 primary goals of the stress response

A

1) maintain blood pressure
2) mobilize metabolic fuel or increase availability
3) inhibit non-essential function

39
Q

cortisol has permissive actions on _________ receptors.

A

catecholamine receptors

found on smooth muscle of vasculature

40
Q

how does cortisol maintain circulating conc. of blood glucose?

A

stimulating synthesis of liver enzymes for gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

41
Q

____________ are highly catabolic

A

glucocorticoids

42
Q

what is Addison’s Disease?

A

Adrenal insufficiency

NOT a complete lack of cortisol

43
Q

what are the causes for a primary insufficiency of adrenal hormones?

A

disease

congenital disorders

autoimmune disorder

44
Q

what are the causes for a secondary insufficiency of adrenal hormones?

A

(something happening UPSTREAM of the gland)

  • pituitary problem- no ACTH secretion
  • glucocorticoid therapy
45
Q

what are the symptoms of Addison’s disease? how is it treated?

A
  • LOW cortisol, HIGH ACTH
  • hyperpigmentation

treat with exogenous glucocorticoids

46
Q

what causes Cushing’s disease?

A

hypercortisolinemia

elevated adrenal gland output

47
Q

Cushing’s syndrome is usually due to a ________ tumor

A

pituitary

48
Q

what hormone is relieved of negative feedback during Cushing’s syndrome?

A

ACTH

does not get neg feedback from circulating adrenal hormones

49
Q

the symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome are related to elevated basal concentrations of _______

A

cortisol

50
Q

what are the symptoms of cushing’s syndrome?

A
  • excess catabolism of skin, bone and muscle
  • diabetes-like symptoms (cortisol is anti-insulin)
  • impaired immune function
  • threat of hypertension
51
Q

what is the treatment for Cushing’s disease?

A

surgical removal of tumor

52
Q

when treating patients with Cushing’s disease, what must a dentist be concerned with?

A

excess cortisol impares normal immune function
- slow healing

thin bone

increased bleeding- from high BP

53
Q

what are the ramification of Addison’s disease in dental patients?

A
  • under anesthesia, the HR and BP will drastically drop
54
Q

peripheral concentrations of ______ can indicate adrenal activity

A

DHEA

physio- exam 2 (5 decks)

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