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A&P test 3 > nutrition & metabolism > Flashcards

nutrition & metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

6 major nutrients

A
  1. carbs
  2. lipids
  3. proteins
  4. vitamins
  5. minerals
  6. water
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2
Q

fxn of carbs

A

usable energy as glucose

stored energy as glycogen

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3
Q

fxn of lipids (3)

A

energy storage
build cell membrane
make up hormones

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4
Q

fxn of proteins

A

structural & functional builders of body, hormones, enzymes, membrane proteins

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5
Q

fxn of vitamins (3)

A

coenzymes in reactions
make bone, eye pigment, CT
calcium absorption

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6
Q

fxn of minerals (4)

A

bone formation
nerve & muscle fxn
component of nucleic acid
part of hemoglobin

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7
Q

amino acids
1. essential
vs
2. nonessential

A
  1. must get from diet

2. live can build from other amino acids

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8
Q

vitamins
1. water
vs
2. fat soluble

A
  1. can be excreted in urine

2. excess accumulates in fat deposits–not good

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9
Q

4 stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. intermediate stage
  3. citric acid cycle
  4. electron transport chain
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10
Q

Where can Carbs be used in cellular resp?

A

glucose starts glycolysis

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11
Q

where can lipids be used in cellular resp?

A

triglycerides can be broken down to fatty acids & glycerol
fatty acids: can be made into acetyl CoA for citric acid cycle
glycerol: converted to glucose by liver for glycolysis

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12
Q

where can fatty acids be used in cellular resp?

A

made into acetyl CoA via beta oxidation for citric acid cycle

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13
Q

how can proteins be used in cellular resp?

A

liver removes amino group to make ketoacids

ketoacids: used in glycolysis or acetyl CoA for intermediate stage

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14
Q

brief description of cellular respiration

A

start with glucose & make ATP
CO2 is waste
requires O2 at end of ETC to collect electrons

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15
Q

during carbohydrate metabolism:

what happens to fructose & galactose

A

hepatocytes convert them to glucose

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16
Q

glycogenesis

A

glucoses bond together → make glycogen

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17
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

noncarbs converted to glucose

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18
Q

glycogenesis

A

glucose molecules release from glycogen

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19
Q

3 reaction of carb metabolism

A

glycogenesis
gluconeogenesis
glycogenesis

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20
Q

3 reactions of protein metabolism

A

protein synthesis
transamination
deamination

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21
Q

transamination

A

amino acids ∆ed from one to another by removing amino group & adding it to a ketoacid to make a new amino acid

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22
Q

when the amino group is removed?

  1. what remains?
  2. what is this called?
A
  1. a ketoacid

2. deamination

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23
Q

deamination

A

amino group removed from amino acid which makes a keto acid

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24
Q

what happens to the removed amino group?

A

goes through urea cycle in kidney & excreted in urine

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25
Q

how can ketoacids be used?

A

in cellular resp
or
to make glucose

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26
Q

3 reactions of lipid metabolism

A
  1. lipogenesis
  2. lipolysis
  3. beta oxidation
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27
Q

lipogenesis

A

fatty acids & glycerol join to make triglycerides

28
Q

lipolysis

A

fatty acids released from triglycerides

29
Q

beta oxidation

A

fatty acids are broken down to acetyl coA

30
Q

2 uses of acetyl coA

A
  1. ∆ed to ketone bodies that are released into blood, transported to other cells & oxidized for cellular resp
  2. used to make cholesterol to be used for bile salts or VLDLs
31
Q

ketogenesis

A

acetyl coA ∆ed to ketone body and released into blood, transported to other cells or oxidized for cell resp

32
Q

2 ways of lipid transport

A
  1. VLDLs & LDLs transport triglycerides & cholesterol from liver to tissues
  2. empty HDLs pick up lipids/cholesterol from tissues & blood vessels and return to liver as full HDLs
33
Q

chylomicrons made by?

A

intestinal cells

34
Q

what is a chylomicron?

A

protein wrapped around a lipoprotein

35
Q

where is lipoprotein lipase found?

A

muscle and fat tissue

36
Q

fxn of lipoprotein lipase
&
what happens after?

A

breakdown chylomicrons so tissue can have access to fats

remnants of chylomicrons go back to liver for destruction

37
Q

where are VLDLs & HDLs made

A

liver

38
Q

what is a VLDL?

A

triglycerides & cholesterol in a lipoprotein

39
Q

fxn of VLDL

A

fat tissue removes triglyceride

cholesterol stays in lipoprotein so it’s now a LDL

40
Q

LDL

A

lipoprotein w/ cholesterol

& w/o triglyceride

41
Q

fxn of LDL

A

travel to tissues to deliver cholesterol as needed

42
Q

fxn of HDL

A

‘emptly’ lipoprotein in blood that picks up excess cholesterol from tissues and takes it back to liver

43
Q

what does the liver do with excess cholesterol (2 things)

A
  1. reuse it for new LDL

2. excrete as bile

44
Q

absorptive state

what hormone is release?

A

insulin

45
Q

4 effects of insulin

in tissues

A
  1. liver →increase glycogenesis
  2. muscle →increase glycogenesis
  3. Fat CT →stimulate lipogenesis, inhibit lipolysis
    stores fatty acids as triglycerides
  4. most cells →increase amino acid uptake for protein synthesis
46
Q

what is the liver doing during absorptive state?

A

increasing glycogenesis

make glycogen from glucose

47
Q

what is muscle doing during absorptive state?

A

increasing glycogenesis

make glycogen from glucose

48
Q

what is fat CT doing during absorptive state?

A

stimulating lipogenesis, inhibit lipolysis

storing fatty acids as triglycerides

49
Q

what are most cells doing during the absorptive state?

A

increasing amino acid uptake for protein synthesis

50
Q

hormone released during post absorptive state?

A

glucagon

51
Q

3 effects of glucagon

in tissues

A

liver → increase glycogenolysis & increases gluconeogenesis
fat CT→ increase lipolysis
hormones released as needed ( TH, cortisol, GH, epinephrine)

52
Q

what does the liver do during post absorptive state?

A

increase glycogenolysis
(breakdown glycogen to glucose)
increase gluconeogenesis
(make glucose from noncarb source)

53
Q

what does fat CT do during post absorptive state?

A 
increase lipolysis 
(triglycerides broken down to fatty acids & glycerol)
54
Q

PRN hormones released during post absorptive state?

A

TH, GH, cortisol, epinephrine

55
Q

metabolic rate

A

measure of energy used a day

kcals/day

56
Q

2 ways to measure basal metabolic rate

A
  1. calometer

2. respirometer

57
Q

calometer

A

measures ∆ in water temp as heat is released

to measure BMR

58
Q

respirometer

A

measures O2 consumption

to measure BMR

59
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

energy needed for vital organ function at rest (specific conditions)

60
Q

how can BMR vary?

A

age, gender, stress, hormones, total surface area of body

61
Q

total metabolic rate (equation)

A

= BMR + MR during activity

62
Q

how can total metabolic rate vary?

A

level of activity, muscle mass, time since last meal, environmental conditions (i.e. cold weather)

63
Q

2 systems to regulate body temp

A
  1. nervous system

2. endocrine systems

64
Q

where does nervous system monitor body temp?

how does it ∆ the temp?

A
  1. hypothalamus monitors

2. sends motor output to skeletal muscle, sweat glands, and blood vessels

65
Q

how does endocrine system ∆ body temp?

what hormones

A

TH, GH, epinephrine, testosterone

66
Q

how does Thyroid hormone effect body temp?

A

TH increases metabolic rate which increase body temp

A&P test 3 (3 decks)

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