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A&P test 3 > Resp System > Flashcards

Resp System Flashcards

1
Q

Fxns of Resp System (4)

A
  1. passageway for air
  2. gas exchange
  3. detect odors
  4. resonance for sound
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2
Q

structural organization of respiratory system (including structures)

A

Upper Tract= nose, nasal cavity & pharynx

Lower Tract= larynx, trachea, bonchus, bronchioles, alveolar ducts & alveoli

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3
Q

Functional organization of respiratory system (including structures)

A

Conducting Zone= nose to terminal bronchioles

Respiratory Zone= respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

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4
Q

Fxns of Conducting Zone (2)

A
  1. moves air from outside to respiratory zone

2. warms, humidifies, and filters air as it passes

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5
Q

Fxn of Respiratory Zone

A

gas exchange

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6
Q

Respiratory Mucosa

  1. Structure
  2. Fxn
A 
1. epithelium=pseudostratified columnar w/ cilia
basement membrane (glue in middle) 
lamina propria= areolar CT w/ lymphoid tissue, caps, & mucus glands 
2. trap inhaled particles and moves it up&out via cilia
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7
Q

how does resp. mucosa change from one area to another?

A

as we descend, epithelium gets thinner

columnar-> cuboidal-> squamous

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8
Q

Fxn of Choanae

A

posterior opening in nasal cavity for air to go to pharynx

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9
Q

Fxn of nasal conchae

A

create turbulence for better filtering/cleaning of air

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10
Q

structure of glottis

A

vocal folds & rima glottis (the opening between)

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11
Q

fxn of epiglottis

A

covers opening to larynx when swallowing to prevent entering resp. tract

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12
Q

thyroid & cricoid cartilage make up what?

A

make up body of larynx

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13
Q

fxn of arytenoid cartilage

A

phonation and change pitch

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14
Q

fxn of vestibular folds

&structure

A

prevent food/drink from entering resp. tract
like a curtain hanging on rod
rod=vestibular ligaments

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15
Q

fxn of vocal folds/cords

how do they work?

A

vibrate as air moves b/t them

∆ length/thickness to ∆ pitch

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16
Q

TRACHEA

  1. structure (4)
  2. fxn
A
  1. resp. mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia (CT covering)
  2. ANS regulates contraction of trachealis muscle
    - dilation via symp NS
    - constriction (@ rest) via parasymp NS
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17
Q

bronchiole tree

  1. structure
  2. fxn
A
  1. R/L main bronchus->R/L lobar bronchus (r=3, l=2) -> R/L segmental bronchus -> smaller bronchi
  2. air passageway
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18
Q

how does the structure change in the bronchi descending?

A

cartilage decreases, smooth muscle increases & resp. mucosa thins

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19
Q

bronchi vs bronchioles

A

bronchi= larger w/ cartilage

bronchioles=much smaller, no cartilage, all smooth muscle, regulate air flow via constriction/dilation

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20
Q

when does a bronchi become a bronchiole?

A

when theres no more cartilage and all smooth muscle

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21
Q

terminal vs respiratory bronchioles

A 
terminal= no mucus, have cilia
respiratory= smaller, no mucus or cilia, little smooth muscle allowing gas exchange
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22
Q

alveoli structure

A

air sacs w/ surrounding capillaries&elasitc fibers

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23
Q

alveoli cells and fxn (3)

A

Type 1—simple squamous, makes wall
Type 2–secrete surfactant
Macrophages—fixed macros that phagocytize

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24
Q

respiratory membrane

  1. structure
  2. fxn
A
  1. alveolar & capillary epithelium w/ fluid basement memb. b/t the 2
  2. thin memb. for easy O2&CO2 diffusion
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25
Q

pleural membrane structure & fxn of each layer (3)

A
  1. visceral=covers surface of lung
  2. parietal=lines thoracic cavity
  3. pleural cavity= b/t pleuras w/ serous fluid for lube
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26
Q

4 major processes of respiration

A
  1. pulmonary (breathing) –move air b/t atmosphere & alveoli
  2. Alveolar Gas Exchange (external resp.)—exchange gas b/t alveoli & blood
  3. Gas Transport–via blood b/t lungs & tissues
  4. Systemic Gas Exchange (internal respiration)–exchange of gas b/t blood & systemic cells
27
Q

pulmonary ventilation (gas movement)

  1. inspiration
  2. expiration
A
  1. O2 into alveoli

2. CO2 out of alveoli

28
Q

relationship b/t gas pressure & volume

A

inverse
increase volume=decrease pressure
decrease volume=increase pressure

29
Q

define respiratory cycle

A

a single breath

inspiration&expiration

30
Q

define eupnea

A

avg. breathing

12-15 bpm

31
Q

quiet vs forced breathing

A

quiet=naturally

forced= requires extra muscles to contract

32
Q

what controls breathing?

location?

A

VRG&DRG–in medulla

PRG —in pons

33
Q

fxn of VRG

A

sets resp. rate for quiet breathing

34
Q

fxn of DRG

A

receives sensory stimuli

sends it to VRG to ∆ resp. rate as needed

35
Q

fxn of PRG

A

allows smooth transition b/t inspiration&expiration

36
Q
  1. Higher Brain Areas
  2. how they control breathing
  3. why?
A
  1. cerebral cortex, lymbic system, hypothalamus
  2. send signal to DRG&VRG to ∆ breathing
  3. b/c laughing, crying etc
37
Q

Resistance & Air flow

  1. relationship b/t them?
  2. what controls them
A
  1. increase resistance= decrease air flow
    via parasymp control
  2. decrease resistance=increase air flow
    via sympathetic NS control
38
Q

define tidal volume

A

volume of air taken in or expelled during a quiet breath

39
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

  1. define
  2. measures what?
A
  1. amt of air expelled from lungs during forced expiration after a quiet breath
  2. measures lung & chest wall elasticity
40
Q

Residual volume

A

amt of air left in lungs after forced expiration

41
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

  1. define
  2. measures what?
A
  1. amt of air taken into lungs during force inspiration after a quiet inspiration
  2. measure of lung compliance (easiness of expansion)
42
Q

inspiratory capacity

  1. equation
  2. define
A
  1. TV+IRV

2. ability to inspire

43
Q

Functional Residual Capacity

  1. equation?
  2. define
A
  1. ERV + RV

2. amt of air normally left in lungs after quiet expiration

44
Q

Vital Capacity

  1. equation?
  2. define
A
  1. TV + IRV + ERV

2. measures the strength of respiration

45
Q

Total lung capacity

  1. equation?
  2. define
A
  1. TV + IRV + ERV + RV

2. total Amt of air that can be in lungs

46
Q

partial pressure gradient

A

force exerted by a specific gas in a mix of gases

i.e. PO2, PCO2

47
Q

solubility of gases

A

CO2 is more soluble than O2

so it moves in/out easier than O2 so the pressure gradient doesn’t need to be as steep

48
Q

alveolar vs systemic gas exchange

A

ventilation perfusion coupling

49
Q

3 factors effecting gas exchange

A
  1. partial pressure gradient
  2. solubility of gases
  3. alveolar vs systemic gas exchange
50
Q

ventilation perfusion coupling

A

altering the blood or air flow based on PO2&PCO2

51
Q

if PCO2 increases what do the bronchioles do?

what do the arterioles do?

A

bronchioles dilate

arterioles constrict

52
Q

if PCO2 decreases
what do bronchioles do?
what to arterioles do?

A

bronchioles constrict

arterioles constrict

53
Q

what do arterioles do if:

  1. PO2 increase & PCO2 decrease?
  2. PO2 decrease & PCO2 increase?
A
  1. dilate

2. constrict

54
Q

when O2 is bound to hemoglobin what is it called?

what %?

A

oxyhemoglobin

98.5%

55
Q

when CO2 is bound to hemoglobin what is it called?

what %?

A

carbaminohemoglobin

23%

56
Q

oxygen hemoglobin saturation

  1. at tissues?
  2. what happens at max pressure?
A
  1. low pressure so O2 saturation is lower b/c O2 can pop off hemoglobin to go to tissues
  2. max pressure=max O2 saturation—-in lungs
57
Q

5 things that will cause more O2 release

A
  1. PO2 levels in blood & cells
  2. increased temp
  3. decreased pH
  4. 2,3-BPG binding (controlled by testosterone, GH, TH, epinephrine)
  5. CO2 binding
58
Q

hyperventilation

A

increase berating rate w/o increasing O2 demand

no ∆ in O2 sat

59
Q

hypoventilation

A

slowing breathing rate

decreases O2, increases CO2

60
Q

Hypernea

A

deeper breathing but not faster
increases cardiac output
keep the same O2 & CO2 levels

61
Q

hypocapnea

A

decreased CO2 in blood

causes increased pH

62
Q

hypoxia

A

decrease blood O2

63
Q

hypercapnea

A

increase blood CO2 causes decreased pH

decreased pH can cause respiratory acidosis

64
Q
  1. what controls the trachealis muscle?

2. how? (2 ways)

A
  1. ANS
  2. sympathetic NS —dilation
    parasympathetic NS —constriction (at rest)

A&P test 3 (3 decks)

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