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From Flashcardlet > neuro quiz 3 Tuesday 2/18/14 > Flashcards

neuro quiz 3 Tuesday 2/18/14 Flashcards

1
Q

Bioenergetics of the Endocrine Responses

to Resistance Exercise

A
  • Increase in enzymatic activity
  • Efficiency in using all E systems
  • Ability to use fat efficiently – more trained you are; the more you break down fat for E using beta-oxidation
  • Increase metabolic rate by increasing cardio resp. endurance and muscle size
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2
Q

Cardiovascular Response

A

Highly strength trained athletes (over time):
• Lower resting HR
• Lower BP
• Higher SV
• Higher HDL
• Lower LDL, total cholesterol levels
• Increase in capillary density; clear more H+, clear more LA; greater exchange rate

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3
Q

List the Two Major Impacts of the Hormone Mechanisms

A

1) Cellular metabolic adaptation – helps you be more metabolically efficient (Phosphagen, glycolytic, oxidative)
2) Cellular remodeling - The improvement to generate force is related to the size of the muscle cells

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4
Q

Where does the Hormonal System Begin?

How does an organ release a Hormone?

A

The Hypothalamus

A CHEMICAL SIGNAL or NEURAL STIMULATION must be sent by a GLAND to release a HORMONE from an ORGAN

The hormones travel through the blood stream then bind to receptors on tissue or to DNA within the nucleus

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5
Q

What are TWO MAIN hormonal effects on Resistance Training (Muscle Remodeling)

A

Synthesis of new Proteins

Synthesis of new Proteins in Skeletal Muscle

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6
Q

Name the TWO types of Hormones that effect the Contractility of Proteins:

A

Anabolic - rebuild of contractile units (begin to increase 30-60min post exercise)

Catabolic - used to break down the proteins (high levels IMMEDIATELY post exercise)
- Signs of overtraining may be present if catabolic hormones are present 60-120 minutes post exercise

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7
Q

Name ANABOLIC Hormones

A 
Growth Hormone
Insulin
IGF-1
Testosterone
Thyroid Hormone
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8
Q

Name CATABOLIC Hormones

A

Cortisol

Progesterone

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9
Q

What does the hormone response (levels) to exercise tell us?

A
  • It is an indication of how stressful the exercise was
  • High levels of catabolic hormones show you how hard you have been working; if not much present you could have worked harder
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10
Q

What are some limitations to increased Hormone Adaptation?

A
  • Genetic ceiling
  • Training cap – you get to a certain point that is beyond the plateau and training is only affecting you so much
  • Very muscle specific – the larger muscle groups will have a greater adaptation over smaller muscle groups
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11
Q

How do you Assess Changes in Hormones?

A

Tested through Blood Samples:
• Receptor binding capacity
• Fluid volume shifts
• Clearance rate/depletion – how quickly released and depleted
• Binding proteins
• Diurnal variations (variations of hormonal in morning, noon, night, daily, weekly, monthly)

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12
Q

What are the TWO main Hormone Categories?

A

Steroid - Fat/lipid Soluble; diffuse through cell walls easily
Eg. Testosterone

Polypeptide (peptide) - Water Soluble; need help to diffuse through cells
Eg. GH and Insulin

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of a Steroid (hormone)?

A

Fat Soluble; diffuse through cell walls easily

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14
Q

Proteins and Glycoproteins

Peptide or Steroid?

A

Peptide (Water Soluble)

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15
Q

Catecholamines

Peptide or Steroid?

A

Peptide (Water Soluble)

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16
Q

Vitamins A, D, E, K

Peptide or Steroid?

A

Steroid (Fat/Lipid Soluble)

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17
Q

Retinoids

Peptide or Steroid?

A

Steroid (Fat/Lipid Soluble)

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18
Q

Thyroxin, Calcitonin

Peptide or Steroid? Released from?

A

Steroid (Fat/Lipid Soluble)

Released from Thyroid Gland

Thyroxine Stimulates oxidative metabolism in mitochondria and cell growth

Calcitonin Reduces calcium phosphate levels in blood

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19
Q

Parathyroid

Peptide or Steroid? Released from?

A

Steroid (Fat/Lipid Soluble)

Released from Parathyroid Gland

Increases blood calcium; decreases blood phosphate; stimulates bone
formation

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20
Q

Insulin, Glucagon

Peptide or Steroid? Released from?

A

Peptide (Water Soluble)

Released from Pancreas

Insulin Stores glycogen and promotes glucose entry into cells; involved in protein synthesis

Glucagon Increases blood glucose levels

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21
Q

Estrogens, Progesterones, Testosterone

Peptide or Steroid? Released from?

A

Steroid (Fat/Lipid Soluble)

ESTROGEN - Released from Ovaries
TESTOSTERONE - Released from Testies in Males; Ovaries and Adrenal Glands in Females

Estrogens Stimulate development of female sex characteristics

Progesterone Stimulates development of female sex characteristics and mammary
glands; maintains pregnancy

Testosterone Stimulates growth, increases in protein anabolism, and development
and maintenance of male sex characteristics

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22
Q

Atrial Peptide

Peptide or Steroid? Released from?

A

Peptide (Water Soluble)

Released from Heart

23
Q

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

Peptide or Steroid? Released from?

A

Peptide (Water Soluble)

Released from Adrenal Medulla

24
Q

Growth Hormone, Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, Prolactin, Beta Endorphin

Peptide or Steroid? Released from?

A

Steroid (Fat/Lipid Soluble)

Released from Anterior Pituitary Gland

25
Q

Steroid Hormone Interactions (fat/lipid soluble)

A
  • A steroid hormone passively diffuses across the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber
  • It binds with its receptor to form a hormone-receptor complex (H-RC)
26
Q

Polypeptide Hormone Interactions (water soluble)

A

Has three pathways (makes it more complicated):

  • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent (cyclic AMP-dependent) signaling pathway
  • Cytokine activated JAK/STAT signaling pathway
  • Prototypical growth factor, mitogen-activated signaling pathway
27
Q

What are the THREE Pathways for a Polypeptide Hormone?

A

Cyclic AMP-Dependent
Cytokine activated JAK/STAT
Pototypical Growth Factor, mitogen activated

28
Q

Which Hormone is the Biggest player in Strength Training? What are its affects on muscle?

A

Testosterone:

  • Promote growth response
  • Promotes nervous system stimulation
  • Direct effect on muscle proteins
29
Q

Testosterone Characteristics

A
  • Steroid
  • Travels through the blood: freely and by binding protein
  • Directly interacts with DNA
  • Protein synthesis
  • Estrogen blocks Testosterone which is why it is lower in women
30
Q

Effects of EXERCISE on Testosterone

A
  • Increased concentrations during exercise; Specific to high intensity Aerobic & Resistance training
  • Changes dependent upon:
    • Large muscle groups (high levels within)
    • Heavy resistance training (85-95%)
    • Moderate to high volume
    • Short rests
31
Q

Variations of Testosterone are Dependent on:

Men and Women

A

Diurinal, Sex and Age:

  • Men highest in the AM
  • Higher effects on younger men
  • Less effects on untrained men; don’t release as much
  • Less effects on older, or elderly men (65-70)
  • Increases after exercise; regardless of time, sex and age
  • Women have less post exercise increase (than men); women have other hormones that work better
32
Q

What are the Effects of GROWTH HORMONES? Where are they secreted from?

What type of TRAINING has the GREATEST effect?

A

Growth Hormone from Anterior Pituitary Gland

Resistance Training:

  • Increase gluconeogenisis
  • Decreases glucose utilization
  • Decrease glycogen synthesis
  • Increase AA transport
  • Increase protein synthesis
  • Increase lipolysis
33
Q

Which HORMONE helps a person spare their glucose sources and go towards their fat storage, making them more efficient.

A

Testosterone

34
Q

What are the Effects of Growth Hormones?

A
  • Stimulates the release of IGFs

- Increases in response to stress

35
Q

What are the Gender Differences in Growth Hormones?

A
  • Women have higher levels than men
  • Hormone levels and response vary by menstrual cycle
  • Changes in RT related to volume, rest, resistance
  • Women have higher post-growth hormone with aerobic exercise, but not with resistance training
36
Q

What are the Effects of EXERCISE on Growth Hormones?

How do you Increase the Effects?

A
  • Enhances hypertrophy with RT (resistance training)

To increase during exercise:

  • High intensity
    • 10rep/max or heavier
    • 3 Sets of higher total work
    • Short rest periods (<1min)
  • Supplement diet with CHO and protein before and after workouts
37
Q

What are the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Hormones?

What do they do?

A

IGF-I & IGF-2
- protein anabolism
- responsive to resistance exercise in men and
women
- Secretions influenced by GH, insulin, nutritional status

38
Q

What is the Primary Anabolic Hormone?

A

Insulin-Like Growth Factor

  • Exercise responses of insulin-like GF
    • Insulin-like GF1 is more studied because of its role in protein anabolism
    • Exercise results in accurate increases in blood levels of IGF-1
39
Q

What is the IGF Response to Exercise?

A
  • Rises during exercise
  • Sensitive to CHO and PRO supplementation
  • Changes with training
40
Q

What are the PRIMARY Anabolic Hormones?

A

Insulin-Like GFs
- Training adaptations of insulin-like GF
• If concentrations are low, IGF-1 increases
• If concentrations are high, there is no change or it decreases
- It has a cap on the amount it is going to increase on any given person, however the cap can be raised with training

41
Q

What are the ADRENAL Hormones?

A

Cortisol & Catechoilamines

42
Q

What type of Hormone is Cortisol? Where is it released? What are the Catabolic Effects?

A

Peptide released from Adrenal Glands

  • Converts AA to CHO
  • releases enzymes that break PRO to AA
43
Q

What is the effect on EXERCISE on Cortisol?

A
  • Increases with exercise
  • Indicator of overtraining
  • Resting levels may lower with training
44
Q

Name the two Catecholamines; where are they released from? Why are they important?

A

Epinepherine & Norepinepherin from Adrenal Gland

Important for Power and Strength and can Stimulate Anabolic Hormones

45
Q

Epinepherine & Norepinephrine Increase OR Decrease:

  • force production
  • muscle contractile rate
  • blood pressure
  • E availability
  • blood flow
A

Increase all

46
Q

True or False: Greater amounts of epinepherine are secreted during max exercise

A

TRUE

47
Q

What are the effects of Insulin?

A

Regulates Glucose Metabolism
Fat and PRO Metabolism
Anabolic Effects on Muscle
Stimulates AA Uptake for PRO Synthesis and can limit PRO breakdown Post-exercise

48
Q

What are the primary Anabolic Hormones for Muscles?

A 
Testosterone
Growth Hormones
Insulin
IGF
Thyroid Hormones
49
Q

Identify the proper program design variables and their values for a resistance training program to elevate testosterone:

A

Heavy Exercise Intensity
Recruit Larger Muscle Groups
Volume should go from short to high with greater rest in between intervals
Use of Heavy Weights

50
Q

What are the essential Endocrine Glands and their Hormones?

A 
Adrenal Cortex - Cortisol
Pituitary - Growth Hormones
Thyroid - Thyroid Hormones
Pancreas - Insulin
Testis & Ovaries - Testosterone
51
Q

Which hormones are fat soluble?

A

Steroids

52
Q

True or False: Water Soluble hormones are Steroids

A

FALSE: Peptides or Polypeptides

53
Q

What is the Pathway for Fat Soluble Hormones/Steroids

A

Cell Membrane Receptor -> Intracellular -> DNA

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