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From Flashcardlet > neuro quiz 2 Thursday 2/13/14 > Flashcards

neuro quiz 2 Thursday 2/13/14 Flashcards

0
Q

Define Anabolism

A

• taking smaller molecules to build larger molecules

o E.g. A.As together form a protein

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1
Q

Define Bioenergetics

A

flow of E in our system; how we build and breakdown E

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2
Q

Define Catabolism

A

breaking down of larger molecules to smaller molecules

o E.g. Glycogen broken down to glucose releasing E
o ATP breaking down to ADP + P

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3
Q

Define Exergonic Reactions

A

E releasing and are generally catabolic

o E.g. breaking ATP to ADP or AMP releaseas energy

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4
Q

Define endergonic reactions

A

– require energy and include anabolic processes and the contraction of muscle

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5
Q

Define Metabolism

A

how we break down larger molecules to smaller; total of all the catabolic or exergonic and anabolic or endergonic reactions in a biological system

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6
Q

What is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

allows the transfer of E from exergonic to endergonic reactions

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7
Q

What is Lactate Threshold

A

The exercise intensity or relative intensity at which blood lactate begins an ABRUPT increase above the baseline concentration

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8
Q

what is Excess Post Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

A

is the oxygen uptake above resting values used to restore the body to the preexercise condition

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9
Q

How is ATP broken down to ADP + E

Know the formula

A

Hydrolysis - with the presence of water

• ATP + H2O <–ATPase–> ADP + Pi + H+ + E

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10
Q

What are the Three basic E systems that exist in muscle cells to replenish ATP?

A
  1. The Phosphagen system
  2. Glycolysis
  3. The oxidative system
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11
Q

What occurs in the mitochondria?

A

Only the Krebs Cycle + Electron Transport Chain

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12
Q

True or false: Glycolysis occurs within the mitochondria

A

FALSE: in the sarcoplasm

only Krebs cycle and ETC occur in the mitochondria during oxidative system (with O2 present/aerobic metabolism)

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14
Q

Name the enzyme that catalyzes lactate from pyruvate

A

lactate dehydrogenase

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14
Q

What E system is the Start of all exercises (when you are in oxygen debt)?

A

Phosphagen System

Provides ATP primarily for short-term, high-intensity activities

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15
Q

What are the TWO the formulas for the phosphagen system? What are their enzymes?

A

CP + ADP <=Creatine Kinase=> ATP + C

ADP + ADP <=Myokinase=> ATP + AMP

Myokinase aka Adenylate Kinase

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16
Q

Where does the phosphagen system and glycolysis take place?

A

The sarcoplasm

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17
Q

What is glycolysis’ main fuel source?

A

The breakdown of carbohydrates – either from glycogen stored in the muscle or glucose delivered in the blood – to resynthesize

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18
Q

True or false: O2 is present during Fast Glycolysis

A

False: O2 is not present during Fast Glycolysis or the Phosphagen system

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19
Q

What is the FIRST thing that happens when pyruvate enters the mitochondira?

A

Pyruvate turns into Acetyl-CoA

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20
Q

Which molecule ENTERS the Krebs Cycle?

A

Acetyl-CoA

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21
Q

What is the ATP:ADP ratio at:
Rest?
Exercise?

A

@ Rest: ATP Inc. : ADP Dec.

@ Exercise ATP Dec. : ADP Inc.

22
Q

What is the stored form of Glucose? Where can you find it?

A

Glycogen stored in Liver or Muscle

23
Q

Which type of Glycolysis is O2 present?

A

Slow Glycolysis which makes use of the Krebs Cycle

24
Q

How much ATP does glucose produce through Glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

25
Q

How much ATP does glycogen produce through Glycolysis?

A

3 ATP

26
Q

What are the 3 Rate Limiting Enzymes? In order:

A

1) Hexokinase
2) PFK – Phosphofructokinase (tell you no or yes)
3) Pyruvate Kinase (will we produce pyruvate?)

27
Q

What is Onset of Blood Lactate (OBLA)

A

when the concentration of blood lactate
reaches 4 mmol/L.

Lactate Threshold is 2mmol/L

28
Q

Another Important enzyme which can replenish ATP is called:

A

Adenylate Kinase or Myokinase

29
Q

What is the importance of AMP as a product of the Phosphogen System?

A

AMP is a powerful stimulant of glycolysis

30
Q

What is the result when Lactate Dehydrogenase catalyzes Pyruvate?

A

Lactate + H+ (hydrogen proton)

31
Q

True or False: Lactate is not the cause of fatigue

A

True

32
Q

What happens to Pyruvate if O2 is present?

A

Pyruvate is transported to the mitochondria and is converted to Acetyl-CoA so that it may enter the Krebs Cycle to be converted into ATP

33
Q

What happens to Pyruvate if there is no O2 present?

A

Pyruvate is converted to catalyzed by Lactate Dehydrogenase into Lactate

34
Q

What is the net reaction for glycolysis when pyruvate enters the mitochondria?

A

Glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP + 2 NAD+ –> Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH + 2H2O

35
Q

What is the difference between Oxidative Phosphorilation vs Substrate Level Phosphorilation?

A

OxP is the resynthesis of ATP in the ETC

SLOxP is the direct resynthesis of ATP from ADP

36
Q

What is Phosphorilation?

A

the process of adding an inorganic phosphate to another molecule.

E.g. ADP + Pi = ATP

37
Q

What are the two enzymes that can be used during Substrate Level Phosphorilation?

A

Phosphoglycerate Kinase & Pyruvate Kinase

38
Q

True or False: The Phosphagen System can produce ATP from Blood Glucose and Muscle Glycogen with O2 Present

A

FALSE : (Slow) Glycolysis is the form of metabolism when O2 is present

39
Q

What is the end product of Glycolysis if O2 is present?

A

Pyruvate

40
Q

What is GTP?

A

Guarine Tri-Phosphate

Generates 2ATP indirectly from each glucose molecule during SLOxP in the Krebs Cycle

41
Q

How can Fats be used by the Oxidative E System>

A

TRIGLYCERIDES stored in fat cells can be broken down by LIPASE, releasing Free Fatty Acids (FFA) into the blood which then enters the muscle fibers.

The FFA enter the mitochondria to undergo BETA OXIDATION which breakdown into Acetyl-CoA and H+

42
Q

How can Proteins be used for E?

A

Proteins can be broken down into AAs which can be converted into glucose, pyruvate or other Krebs Cycle intermediates in via gluconeogenesis to produce ATP

43
Q

True or False: During either exercise or rest, each of the three Energy Systems provide a complete supply of E

A

FALSE: You always begin with Phosphagen and use the multiple E systems together:

Phosphagen –> Glycolysis –> Oxidative System

44
Q

What to know about Phosphagens

A

o Creatine phosphate can decrease noticeably (50-70%) during the first stage (5-30seconds) of high-intensity exercise and can be almost eliminated as a result of very intense exercise to exhaustion
o Postexercise Phosphagen repletion can occur in a relatively short period; complete resynthesis of ATP appears to occur within 3-5min and complete creatine phosphate resynthesis can occur within 8 minutes
 Can train to replenish faster

45
Q

What to know about Glycogen

A

o The rate of glycogen depletion is related to exercise intensity
 At relative intensities of exercise above 60% of maximal oxygen uptake, muscle glycogen becomes an increasingly important E substrate; the entire glycogen content of some muscle cells can become depleted during exercise
 Repletion of muscle glycogen during recovery is related to postexercise CHO ingestion

46
Q 
Which of the following is the ultimate source of E for a muscular Contraction?
o	GTP
o	O2
o	NADH
o	ATP
A

ATP

47
Q 
Which of the following can be metabolized anaerobically?
o	Pro
o	CHO
o	Fat
o	Glycerol
A

CHO via the Phosphagen System and Fast Glycolysis

48
Q 
The production of lactic acid (lots of H+) results from the activation of which of the following E systems?
o	Phosphagen
o	Slow glycolysis
o	Fast glycolysis
o	Fat oxidation
A

Fast glycolysis – produces the MOST H+

49
Q 
Which of the following E systems is predominately active at the initiation of all exercise?
o	Oxidative
o	Phosphagen
o	Slow glycolysis
o	Fast glycolysis
A

Phosphagen

50
Q

Know the Effects of Event Duration and Intensity on the Primary Energy Systems Used:

Phosphagen
(Fast) Glycolysis
Oxidative System

A

0-6 sec. –> Extremely High Intensity –> Phos.

6-30 sec. –> Very High Intensity –> Phos. + Glyc.

30sec - 2min –> High Intensity –> Fast Glycolysis

2-3 min –> Moderate Intensity –> Fast Glyc. + Oxi

> 3 min –> Low Intensity –> Oxidative System

51
Q

True or False: Glucose produces the highest yield of ATP

A

1 Molecule of Glycerol = 22 ATP
18-Carbon Triglyceride Molecule = 441

52
Q

What is the Lactate Threshold for an Untrained Individual vs a Trained Athlete?

A

Untrained: 50-60% VO2 max
Trained: 70-80% VO2 max

53
Q

What is OBLA?

A

Onset Blood Lactate - the SECOND increase in the rate of lactate accumulation from 2mmol/L to 4mmol/L int he blood

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