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PPO > Functional Vision Entrance Tests pt. 2 > Flashcards

Functional Vision Entrance Tests pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

a movement of the visual axes of the 2 eyes toward one another or away from one another

A

vergence

ex. convergence, divergence

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2
Q

the continuous vergence response maintained by the muscle tone of the EOMs

A

tonic vergence

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3
Q

an eye movement that occurs in response to retinal disparity or stimulation of non-corresponding points

A

fusional vergence

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4
Q

eye movement that occurs because an object appears close to the patient

A

proximal vergence

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5
Q

“right amount” of tonic vergence will leave the 2 eyes parallel to one other

A

ortho

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6
Q

not enough tonic vergence will leave the eyes out relation to one another

A

exo

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7
Q

too much tonic vergence will leave the eyes in relative to one another

A

eso

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8
Q

what does an eso or exo with fusional vergence equal?

A

phoria

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9
Q

what does an eso or exo without fusional vergence equal?

A

strabismus

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10
Q

binocular fixation is not present under normal seeing conditions

A

strabismus.

aka. tropia, squint, eye turn

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11
Q

binocular fixation not present under normal conditions, one eye turned

A

strabismus

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12
Q

under normal conditions, pt is binocular but fusion can be disrupted and one eye will be turned when fusion has been disrupted

A

phoria

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13
Q

what test differentiates pts with strabismus from those with no strabismus

A

hirschberg

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14
Q

what is the distance you shine your light in the hirschberg test

A

50-100cm

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15
Q

what are 4 tests that differentiate phorias from tropias

A
  1. hirschberg
  2. krimsky
  3. brukner
  4. cover test
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16
Q

what is the “gold standard” test that gives the most info about a pts motor fusion

A

cover test

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17
Q

test for approximating the objective angle of strabismus at near

A

hirschberg

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18
Q

the position of the reflex are 0.5mm nasal to the center of the pupil in each eye rather than in the center is?

A

angle lambda

sometimes called angle kappa

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19
Q

reflex in the center of the pupil

A

zero angle lambda

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20
Q

reflex nasal to the center of the pupil

A

positive angle lambda

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21
Q

reflex temporal to the center of the pupil

A

negative angle lambda

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22
Q

in the hirschberg when the reflex is in too far the patient has an

A

exotropia

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23
Q

in the hirschberg when the reflex is up too high the patient has an…

A

hypotropia

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24
Q

in the hirschberg when the reflex is down too low the patient has an…

A

hypertropia

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25
Q

in the hirschberg when the reflex is out too far the patient has an…

A

esotropia

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26
Q

which test measure the amount of strabismus which moves the deviated corneal reflex with prism

A

krimsky test

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27
Q

what prism do you use for an exotrope

A

base in

28
Q

what prism do you use for an esotrop

A

base out

29
Q

what prism do you use for a right hyperope

A

base down on right eye

30
Q

what prism do you use for a left hypo

A

base up on left eye

31
Q

what are 4 limits of hirschberg and krimsky tests

A
  1. difficult to identify strabismus of less than 10 D
  2. cant identify patients with phorias
  3. cant id the size of the deviation accurately
  4. may miss intermittent tropias, may mistake alternating tropia for constant r or l tropia
32
Q

how far away do you stand for bruckner test

A

1 meter

33
Q

for the brucker test, which eye shows strabismus

A

the lighter or brighter eye

34
Q

what lens do you use for brucker

A

+1

35
Q

which is the fixating eye for bruckner

A

the darker one

36
Q

what are 4 limits to the bruckner test

A
  1. cant quantify the angle of strabismus
  2. may have unequal brightness due to anisocoria, media opacities, posterior pole anomalies, anisometropia
  3. dilated pupils may make test invalid
  4. test is inaccurate in very young children under 8 months
37
Q

in brucker, what does a hyperopia show

A

a dark crescent down or to the right in the red reflex

38
Q

in brucker, what does a myope show

A

a dark crescent up or to the left in the red reflex

39
Q

how far do you stand for cover test at near?

at far?

A

20’

16’’ or 40 cm

40
Q

what does the cover-uncover test differentiate btwn? what does it tell us about tropias?

A
  • phoria and tropia
  • if tropia is constant unilateral right or left, or alternating
  • if tropia is intermittent or constant
  • if pt has binocular vision
41
Q

pts with phorias have _____ and pts w/ tropias do not

A

binocularity

42
Q

what does the alternating cover test tell us

A
  • the direction of the pts phoria or tropia

- the size of the pts phoria or tropia

43
Q

one eye fixates while the other is turned in, out, up, or down

A

strabismus

44
Q

under normal conditions, the 2 eyes are aligned and the pt is binocular, but one eye turns when fusion is disrupted

A

phoria

45
Q

a pt who has strabismus does not have ___ and ___ and is not _____

A

sensory or motor fusion

binocular

46
Q

when you cover the od and watch os

  • os moves, now watch os when you UNCOVER OD.
  • os moves= _________
  • of doesn’t move = _______
A
  • constant L tropia

- alternating tropia

47
Q

strabisnus is ________ or alternating
AND
constant or ________

A

unilateral

intermittent

48
Q

if the pt has both a horizontal and a vetical deviation, measure the ______ deviation first, leave the prism in place, and put the other prism on the other eye.
-ONE PRISM PER EYE

A

larger

49
Q

“cover” part differentiates btwn…..

“uncover” part differentiates btwn…

A
  • phorias and tropias

- alternating tropias and monocular tropias (constnat R or L tropias)

50
Q

pt able to fixate with either eye when both eyes are open, but not with both eyes on the same object at the same time

A

alternating strabismus

51
Q

the ability to maintain fixation with only one of the two eyes when both eyes are open

A

unilateral strabismus

52
Q

when both eyes are open he fixates with his left eye, only and the right eye is turned in

A

unilateral strabismus

53
Q

both eyes are open, the right eye is turned in and the left eye is fixating

A

constant right esotropia

54
Q

what must vertical devisations always be labeled as

A

right or left

55
Q

this test tells us in which direction the pts eye is deviated when fusion has been disrupted

A

alternating cover test

56
Q

what are normal cover test findings for distance and near

A

1 prism diopter exophoria (+ or - 2 prism dioptters)

3 PD exophoria (+ or - 3 PD)

57
Q

when is a phoria a problem for the patient

A

if the pt doesnt have an adequate supply of fusional vergence to remain comfortable

58
Q

when is a tropia a problem for the pt

A

a cosmetic problem or it it causes the pt to develop amblyopia

59
Q

unilateral condition in which the best corrected VA is less than 20/20 in the absence of any obvious structural defect or pathology and is accompanied by one or more of the following conditions BEFORE 6-8 YEARS

A

AMBLYOPIA

60
Q

what are 3 amblyogenic conditions

  1. constant ______
  2. ______refractive error
  3. _______ degradatoin
A
  1. constnat unilateral strabismus
  2. amblyogenic refractive error
  3. image degradation
61
Q

amblyopia must occur before the age of

A

6-8

62
Q

amblyopia is cause by…

A

constant, unilateral strabismus before 6-8 years

63
Q

no amblyopia from….

  1. _____ tropia
  2. tropia at _____, phoria at _____
  3. phoria at _____, tropia at _____
  4. intermittnet _______
  5. tripia with onset after age _____
A
  1. alternating
  2. distance, near
  3. distance, near
  4. tropia
  5. 6-8 years
64
Q

amblyopia is a diagnosis of _____ and ______

A

exclusion and inclusion

65
Q

you must exclude _____ and _______ and inculde a ______ as the ______ of amblyopia

A

pathology
structural problems
reason
cause

PPO (14 decks)

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