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Biochemisty > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Organic molecules that are essential to human metabolic and cellular function, which can only be obtained through diet are called what?

A

Vitamins

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2
Q

What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?

A
  • A
  • D
  • E
  • K
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3
Q

What are the 9 Water soluble vitamins?

A
  • B1
  • B2
  • B3
  • B5
  • B6
  • B7
  • B9
  • B12 (only water soluble stored for long periods)
  • C
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4
Q

Which 5 vitamins have toxicity reported?

A
  • A
  • D
  • B3
  • B6
  • C
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5
Q

An individual form of a vitamin is referred to as what?

A

Vitamer

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6
Q

Vitamin A is required for what?

A

Vision (opsin retinal)

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7
Q

What does vitamin A deficiency look like? What does toxicity look like?

A
  • night blindness, skin problems, stunted growth in children

- Blurred vision, appetite loss, pigmentation and skin issues. Teratogen in high doses

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8
Q

What is vitamin B1 (Thiamine) general function?

A

Cofactor for enzymes involved in metabolism

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9
Q

What does Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency look like?

A

anorexia, confusion, memory issues, heart enlargement

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10
Q

What is Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) main function?

A

Convert FMN to FAD (oxidative phosphorylation)

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11
Q

What does Vitamin b2 (riboflavin) deficiency look like?

A

Thyroid abnormalities, swelling and sores

*risky for pregnant women or vegetarians who rarely eat meat

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12
Q

What is vitamin B3 (Niacin) general function?

A

Convert nicotinic acid to nicotinamide to form NAD and NADP (Energy metabolism)

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13
Q

What does Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency and toxicity look like?

A
  • Def: Pellagra (dermatitites, diarrhea, inflamed mucus membranes)
  • Tox: cutanteous flushing and pruritus, blood sugar issues, impaired clotting, hypertension
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14
Q

What is Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) primary function?

A

Major component in coenzyme A synthesis (metabolism)

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15
Q

What does Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) deficiency look like?

A

Headache, fatigue, insomnia, numbness

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16
Q

What is Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) primary function?

A

Forms PLP and PMP (coenzymes for many rxns)

Necessary for neurotransmitter synthesis

17
Q

What does Vitamin B6 deficiency and toxicity look like?

A
  • def: Microcytic anemia, dermatitis with cheilosis, impaired immune
  • tox: paresthesia, loss of coordination, neuropathy, photosensitivity
18
Q

What is vitamin b7 (biotin) main function?

A

cofactor for four carboxylates in energy production, fatty acid synthesis and AA catabolism

19
Q

What does Vitamin B7 (biotin) deficiency look like?

A

hallucinations, depression and paresthesia

20
Q

What is vitamin B9 (Folate) primary function?

A

forms tetrahydrofolate (Carbon donor in AA metabolism)

21
Q

What does Vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency look like?

A

Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects at birth,

22
Q

What is vitamin B12 (Cobalamins) primary function?

A

Cofactor in methionine and Fatty acid synthesis. Also necessary for erythrocyte and CNS function

23
Q

What does vitamin B12 deficiency and toxicity look like?

A
  • def: megaloblastic anemia, neurologic disorders (neuropathy, imbalance, depression, confusion, dementia, memory and irreversible nerve damage)
  • Anemia may be treated and masked by folic acid intake without correcting neurologic deficits
  • Tox: absorption is rate limited so excess is exerted in the urine
24
Q

What is Vitamin C’s primary function?

A

Antioxidant activity, collagen synthesis, norepinephrine synthesis, general protein metabolism

25
Q

What does vitamin C deficiency and toxicity look like?

A
  • def: Scurvy- fatigue, inflammation of gums, joint pain, iron deficiency anemia
  • tox: abdominal pain, diarrhea, gout, renal failure
26
Q

What is Vitamin D’s primary function?

A

hormonal control of calcium and phosphate metabolism/integration into bone

27
Q

What does Vitamin D deficiency and toxicity look like?

A
  • Def: Rickets (bone softness and deformation)

- Tox: anorexia, nausea, lethargy, cardiac arrhythmia

28
Q

What is vitamin E’s primary function?

A

Protect agains LDL oxidation, inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, PKC signaling

29
Q

What does Vitamin E deficiency and toxicity look like?

A
  • def: peripheral neuropathy, skeletal myopathy, retinopathy

- tox: hemorrhagic effects, increase in all-cause mortality

30
Q

What is Vitamin K primary function?

A

clotting factors and carboxylation of osteocalcin

31
Q

What doe Vitamin K deficiency and toxicity look like?

A
  • def: bleeding, osteoporosis
  • tox: skin rashes at 500 ug/day and higher

*potentially dangerous interactions with anticoagulants

Biochemisty (23 decks)

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