AA & Protein Synthesis

Question 1

Which amino acids are nonessential?

Answer 1

Glutamate
Asparagine
Aspartate
Alanine
Serine

Question 2

Which amino acids are conditional essential?

Answer 2

Glutamine
Glycine
Arginine
Proline
Tyrosine
Cysteine

Question 3

Which amino acids are essential?

Answer 3

Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Leucine
Lysine

Question 4

What are the 3 precursors for amino acid synthesis from glycolysis?

Answer 4

1-3-Phosphoglycerate
2-Phosphoenolpyruvate
3-Pyruvate

Question 5

What are the 2 amino acid precursors from the Pentose Phosphate pathway?

Answer 5

1-Ribose 5-phosphate

2-Erythrose 6-phosphate

Question 6

What are the 2 Amino acid precursors from the citric acid cycle?

Answer 6

1-Oxaloacetate

2-Alpha-ketoglutarate

Question 7

What are the two common reaction types in amino acid synthesis?

Answer 7

1-Transferase rxns

2-Single carbon group rxns

Question 8

Which two amino acids are the primary amine donors?

Answer 8

Glutamine and Glutamate

Question 9

What is an Intron?

Answer 9

non-coding region of mRNA which is spliced out

Question 10

What is an exon?

Answer 10

Coding region of RNA

Question 11

The TATA box is an example of what?

Answer 11

Promoter

Question 12

What does Polymerase I do?

Answer 12

Synthesize rRNA

Question 13

What does Polymerase II do?

Answer 13

Synthesize mRNA

Question 14

What does Polymerase III do?

Answer 14

Synthesize tRNA

Question 15

What are the two ways transcription is negative regulated? (At the Operator sequence)

Answer 15

1-Molecule binds repressor causing it to fall off and activates transcription
2-Molecule binds repressor causing it to bind DNA and inhibit transcription

Question 16

What are the two ways that Transcription is positively regulated? (Enhancer regions)

Answer 16

1-Molecule binds activator causing it to fall off enhancer site, inhibiting transcription
2-Molecule binds activator causing it to bind the enhancer, activating transcription

Question 17

What three things are important in eukaryotic mRNA processing?

Answer 17

1-Addition of 5’ Cap
2-Splicing out introns
3-Poly A tail

Question 18

A nucleotide triplet, coding for an amino acid is called a?

Answer 18

Codon

Question 19

Which base is the “wobble” base?

Answer 19

the third base

Question 20

Which codon sequence is the “Start” sequence?

Answer 20

AUG-Methionine

Question 21

Which 3 codons are the “Stop” sequences?

Answer 21

UAA
UAG
UGA

Question 22

Activation of tRNA consists of?

Answer 22

Aminoacylating it with the proper Amino Acid

Question 23

What happens during initiation?

Answer 23

The large (60s) subunit and the small subunit (40s) combine with initiation factors to form the 80 s ribosomal unit. Often the poly A tail with tether to the unit as well

Question 24

What reaction drives initiation?

Answer 24

ATP/GTP hydrolysis

Question 25

What are the three ribosomal sites important to the elongation?

Answer 25

1-A site: Aminoacyl
2-P site: Peptidyl
3-E site: Exit

(GTP dependent)

Question 26

Which direction is mRNA read for translation?

Answer 26

5’-3’

Question 27

To which end of the polypeptide chain is the next amino acid added?

Answer 27

the C terminus

Question 28

What binds the A site to Terminate translation?

Answer 28

Eukaryotic releasing factor

Question 29

What two ways are proteins degraded?

Answer 29

1-ubiquitinated and degraded by a proteasome

2-degraded by lysosome