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A.P. Psyche > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

encoding

A

the processing of information into the memory system

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2
Q

storage

A

the retention of encoded information over time

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3
Q

retrieval

A

the process of getting information out of memory storage

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4
Q

sensory memory

A

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information In the memory system

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5
Q

short-term memory

A

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

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6
Q

long-term memory

A

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system, includes knowledge, skills, and experience

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7
Q

working memory

A

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

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8
Q

parallel processing

A

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts wit step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving

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9
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental information. such as space, time, frequency, and of well-learned information, such as meanings

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10
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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11
Q

rehearsal

A

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

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12
Q

spacing effect

A

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice

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13
Q

serial position effect

A

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

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14
Q

visual encoding

A

the encoding of picture images

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15
Q

acoustic encoding

A

the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words

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16
Q

semantic encoding

A

the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.

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17
Q

imagery

A

mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combed with semantic meanings

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18
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

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19
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

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20
Q

iconic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

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21
Q

echoic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

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22
Q

long-term potentiation

A

an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

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23
Q

flashbulb memory

A

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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24
Q

amnesia

A

the loss of memory

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25
Q

implicit memory

A

retention independent of conscious recollection (also called non-declarative or procedural memory)

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26
Q

explicit memory

A

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare (also called declarative memory)

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27
Q

hippocampus

A

a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

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28
Q

recall

A

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

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29
Q

recognition

A

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

30
Q

relearning

A

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

31
Q

priming

A

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

32
Q

deja vu

A

the eerie sense that one has experienced something before

33
Q

mood-congruent memory

A

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood

34
Q

proactive interference

A

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

35
Q

retroactive interference

A

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

36
Q

repression

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thought, feelings, and memories

37
Q

misinformation effect

A

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

38
Q

source amnesia

A

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. Source of false memories

39
Q

cognition

A

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

40
Q

concept

A

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas. or people

41
Q

prototype,

A

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin

42
Q

algorithm

A

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error-prone-use of heuristics

43
Q

heuristic

A

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier, but also more error-prone than algorithms

44
Q

insight

A

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions

45
Q

creativity

A

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

46
Q

confirmation bias

A

a tendency to search for information that supports out preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

47
Q

fixation

A

the inability to a see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

48
Q

mental set

A

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

49
Q

functional fixedness

A

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

50
Q

representative heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent to match particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

51
Q

availability heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps of their vividness), we presume such events are common.

52
Q

overconfidence

A

the tendency to be more confident than correct - to over-estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

53
Q

belief perseverance

A

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

54
Q

intuition

A

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious feeling

55
Q

framing

A

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

56
Q

language

A

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

57
Q

phoneme

A

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

58
Q

morpheme

A

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word, or part of a word

59
Q

grammar

A

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

60
Q

semantics

A

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning

61
Q

syntax

A

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

62
Q

babbling stage

A

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

63
Q

one-word stage

A

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

64
Q

two-word stage

A

beginning about age 1, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

65
Q

telegraphic speech

A

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegraph

66
Q

linguistic determinism

A

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

67
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Created the Chomsky hierarchy

68
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

Created the concept of a “learning curve”. also, spacing effect.

69
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A

contributed to Gestalt psychology

70
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

False memory turtle-bronx lady

71
Q

George A. Miller

A

Contributor to psycolinguistics and cognitive science in general

A.P. Psyche (15 decks)

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