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A Level Organic Chemistry > Section 9 - Further Synthesis and Analysis > Flashcards

Section 9 - Further Synthesis and Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Alkane to Haloalkane

A
  • X2
  • UV light
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2
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Haloalkane to Amine

A
  • ammonia
  • heat
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3
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Haloalkane to nitrile

A
  • KCN
  • ethanol
  • reflux
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4
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Nitrile to amine

A
  • LiAlH4
  • dilute sulfuric acid
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5
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

haloalkane to alcohol

A
  • aqueous NaOH
  • warm
  • reflux
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6
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Haloalkane to Alkene

A
  • KOH
  • ethanol
  • reflux
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7
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Alkene to haloalkane

A
  • HX
  • 20oc
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8
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Alkene to Alkane

A
  • H2
  • Ni
  • 200oc
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9
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Alkene to Alcohol

A
  • conc H3PO4
  • steam
  • 300oc

60 atm

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10
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Alcohol to Alkene

A
  • conc sulfuric acid
  • 180oc
  • reflux
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11
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Alkene to Alkyl Hydrogensulphate

A
  • conc sulfuric acid
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12
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Alkyl Hydrogensulphate to Alcohol

A
  • dilute
  • warm
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13
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Alcohol to ketone

A
  • Kr2Cr2O7
  • Sulfuric acid
  • heat
  • distillation
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14
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Ketone to secondary alcohol

A
  • aqeous NaBH4
  • methanol
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15
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Alcohol to aldehyde

A
  • K2Cr2O7
  • sulfuric acid
  • heat
  • distil
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16
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Aldehyde to primary alcohol

A
  • aqueous NaBH4
  • methanol
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17
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Ketone to 2-Hydroxynitrile

A
  • aqueous HCN
  • sulfuric acid
  • 20oc
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18
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Aldehyde to 2-Hydroxynitrile

A
  • aqueous KCN
  • sulfuric acid
  • 20oc
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19
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Aldehyde to Carboxylic acid

A
  • K2Cr2O7
  • sulfuric acid
  • heat

Tollen’s/Fehling’s reagent

20
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Carboxylic acid to ester

A
  • alcohol
  • conc sulfuric acid
  • heat
21
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Ester to Carboxylic acid

A
  • dilute sulfuric acid
  • water
  • reflux

OR

  • dilute NaOH
  • reflux
22
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Acyl Chloride/Acid Anhydride to Carboxylic Acid

A
  • water
  • 20oc
23
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Amine to Amide

A
  • Acyl chloride/Acid Anhydride
24
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Acyl Chloride/Acid Anhydride to Ester

A
  • alcohol
  • 20oc
25
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Acyl Chloride/Acid Anhydride to N-Substituted Amide

A
  • amine
  • 20oc
26
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Acyl Chloride/Acid Anhydride to Amide

A
  • ammonia
  • 20oc
27
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Benzene to cyclohexane

A
  • H2
  • Ni catalyst
  • 200oc
28
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Benzene to Nitrobenzene

A
  • conc nitric acid
  • conc sulfuric acid
  • 50oc
29
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Nitrobenzene to Aromatic Amine

A
  • reduction
  • tin
  • conc HCl then NaOH
  • reflux
30
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Aromatic Amine to N-Phenylethanamide

A
  • acyl chloride/acid anhydride
31
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Benzene to PhenylKetone

A
  • acyl chloride/acid anhydride
  • AlCl3 catalyst
  • Reflux
  • Anhydrous environment
32
Q

Give the conditions for the reaction of:

Phenylketone to phenol

A
  • aqueous NaBH4
33
Q

What is a way to reduce hazards and waste in synthesis routes?

A
  • avoid solvents - they are often flammable and toxic and often has to be disposed of afterwards
34
Q

What is chemical shift measured relative to?

A

Tetramethylsilane

35
Q

What does integrated spectra tell you?

A

The relative number of hydrogens in each environment

36
Q

What is the rule for splitting patterns?

A

n+1

37
Q

What can solvents not contain if they are used for H NMR?

A

Hydrogen

38
Q

What are the 3 types of Chromatography?

A
  • Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) – a plate is coated with a solid and a solvent moves up the plate
  • Column chromatography (CC) – a column is packed with a solid and a solvent moves down the column
  • Gas chromatography (GC) – a column is packed with a solid or with a solid coated by a liquid, and a gas is passed through the column under pressure at high temperature
39
Q

What is the mobile phase?

A

Where the molecules can move - always gas or liquid

40
Q

What is the stationary phase?

A

Where the molecules can’t move - always a solid or a liquid on a solid support

41
Q

In TLC, what is the stationary phase?

A

Silica or Alumina

42
Q

How are colourless chemicals revealed?

A

Using UV light or Iodine

43
Q

What does seperation depend on?

A

Separation depends on the balance between solubility in the moving phase and retention by the stationary phase

44
Q

How do you work out the Rf value?

A

Distance travelled by spot/Distance travelled by solvent

45
Q

What is GC-MS?

A

Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometry - the samples are separated with GC and then fed into a mass spectrometer, which produces a mass spectrum for each component

46
Q

What are the advantages of GC-MS?

A

+ components can be positively identified

+ computers can match results to a database

A Level Organic Chemistry (9 decks)

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